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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
endocrine system regulates
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body by releasing hormones
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hormones are
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chemical messengers in blood , move from endocrine gland to target organ
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describe differences between endocrine and nervous system
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nervous- uses nerve impulse
endocrine- hormones nerv- affects muscles glands, neurons endo- affects all body cells nerv- time onset is miliseconds endo- can be hours, days duration of action- nervo= brief endo- longer |
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endocrine system helps maintain...
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homeostasis through a negative feedback system
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a negative feedback system
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reverses the change in a controlled condition
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exocrine v endocrine glands
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exocrine- secretes into body cavities, lumen, or outside the body
endocrine excrete into extracellular space that can diffuse into the blood |
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types of exocrine glands are
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sudoriferous, sebaceous, mucous and digestive
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what are organs that excrete hormones exclusively within the body?
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hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
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what are organs that secrete hormones but not exclusively?
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pancreas, kidneys, testes and ovaries, heart, small intestine, stomach, liver, thymus
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how many types of hormones are there in the body
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over 50
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what are the 4 things hormone release is controlled by
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input from nervous system
chemical change in blood other hormones amount released is dependent on need |
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what are the 4 important functions of hormones
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regulate metabolic processes and body comp
circadian rhythms reproductive processes growth and development |
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facts about the pituitary gland location
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located at hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica ( sphenoid bone)
suspended by infundibulum |
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anterior portion of the pituitary makes up what percentage of the gland?
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75%
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what gland controls the pituitary gland and links the nervous and endocrine systems?
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hypothalamus
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what is important to remember about the hypophyseal portal system?
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the anterior pituitaries secretions are regulated by the hormone secretions of the hypothalamus
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what is the hypothalamopophyeal tract?
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posterior pituitary and hypothalamus communication
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anterior pituitary
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adenohypophysis
secretes, stores and releases hormones tropin or tropic hormones |
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posterior pituitary
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neurophypophysis
only stores and releases hormones receives nerve impulses from hypothalamus |
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what are the 5 types of trophs produced by the anterior pituitary
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somatotrophs- growth and metabolism- liver and hGH
thyrotrophs- regulate thyroid- TSh gonadotrophs- reproductive- LH and FSH lactotrophs- mammary PRL prolactin corticotrophs- ACTH and MSH |
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what hormones does the posterior pituitary store ?
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ADH- regulates water balance ( amount of water in urine, sweat production)
and oxytocin- helps with uterine contraction in childbirth and breast milk release |
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what is the butterfly shaped gland?
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thyroid
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what is highly vascular and inferior to the larynx
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the thyroid
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thyroid gland hormones
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T3 and T4- deal with cellular metabolism, growth and development, basal metabolic
parafollicular cells deal with calcitonin |
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how many parathyroid glands per lateral lobe of thyroid
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2 ( superior and inferior)
so 4 in total |
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parathyroid hormone produces
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produces PTH, which comes
from principal cells controls CA and Mg levels, and secretions are controlled by blood Ca levels increase in osteoclasts and increase calcitrol in kidneys |
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the adrenal glands are (location)
and made up of what two parts |
superior to kidneys
adrenal cortex-outside ( 90% mass) adrenal medulla- inner portion |
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what hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?
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steroids
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what are the three subdivisions of the adrenal cortex?
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outer- zona glomerulosa
middle- zona faciculata inner- zona reticularis |
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what is produced by each of the subdivisions of the adrenal cortex?
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outer- mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
middle (glucocorticoids-cortisol, cortisone) inner-gonadotropins (androgens) |
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important facts about the adrenal medulla
innervation.... what kinds of cells, what do they do |
direct innervation from ANS
sympathomimetic- mimics sympathetic part of ANS contains chromaffin cells which secrete catecholamines- epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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the pancreas is
has ___ parts, describe |
both and endocrine and exocrine gland
head ( inferior) body (middle) tail ( superior) |
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the exocrine tissue of the pancreas
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99% acini cells
deals with digestive enzymes in GI tract |
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the endocrine tissue of the pancreas
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scattered in tiny clusters among anici cells
islets of langerhans contain alpha cells ( 20%)0glucagon beta cells ( 70%)-insulin blood sugar levels |
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where is the pineal gland located and what is it covered by?
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roof of the brain
the pia mater |
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what does the pineal gland secrete
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melatonin which deals with sleepiness and your biological clock
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thymus gland deals with
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cardiovascular and lymphatic
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ovaries deal with secretions of
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estrogen and progesterone
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testes
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deals with testosterone production
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what are 3 disorders of the pituitary gland?
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dwarfism
giantism acromegaly |
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dwarfism
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hyposecretion of hGH
premature closer of epiphyseal plates |
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giantism
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hypersecretion of hGH
abnormal increase in long bone |
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acromegaly
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hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood
thickening of bones, unable to lengthen due to closure epiphyseal plates |
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thyroid gland disorders
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cretinism
graves disease |
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cretinism
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disorder of thyroid
hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during fetal life skeleton and brain fails to grow |
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graves disease
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disorder of thyroid
hypersecretion of thyroid hormone continual growth of thyroid gland exopthalamos-edema behind eyes goiter-enlarged thyroid |
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exopthalamos
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edema behind the eyes found in graves disease
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goiter
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enlarged thyroid gland in graves disease
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pancreas disorders
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diabetes mellitus
types 1 and 2 |
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diabetes type 1
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insulin dependent
younger crowd |
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diabetes type 2
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adult onset, controlled via diet and weight loss
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