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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In Pavlov's substitution model of conditioning, learning occurs when then:
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CS serves to elicit neural activity in the coritcal UCS center which then triggers the occurrence of the CR
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In Pavolv's theory of conditioning, the CR is
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elicited when the UCS cortical center is activated by the CS.
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According to Sigal's research, if a long-term heroin addict used
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be increased
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Wagner has developed a theory to explain why some CRs and UCRs are the same and some are different. This theory is called
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Sometimes Opponent Process
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The most important assumption of Wagner's SOP model is that
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only the A2 component elicited by the UCR can be conditioned.
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Wagner and Brandon introduced AESOP to replace SOP because
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different A2 responses elicited by the same UCS have correspondingly different optimal CS-UCS intervals
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Overshadowing, blocking, and predictiveness phenomena has been explained by the
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Rescorla-Wagner Model, Attentional Model, Comparitor Model
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In the Recorla Wagner model, associative strength increases on each trial until
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the maximum conditioning supported by the UCS is reached
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The cue deflation effect is due to
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increased responding to a less saliant CS when the more salient CS has undergone extinction
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In the Comparator model, a CS paired with a UCS will elicit a CR only if
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no other CSs in the conditioning situation have a higher associative strength with the UCS
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Mackintosh's attentional theory claims that CR strength is determined by the ability of the ++++ to support conditioning.
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CS
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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the CR strength is determined by the ability of the __________ to support conditioning.
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UCS
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In drug addiction, the conditioned withdrawal reaction refers to:
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the experience of withdrawal responses in situations where the drug had been previously used
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According to the Rescorla-Wagner model why does blocking occur?
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When the initial CS has already acquired most if not all of the conditioning supported by the UCS leaving little to condition to the added CS.
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Overshadowing refers to:
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a more salient CS gains more associative strength than the less salient one.
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The procedures for classical conditioning require that the experimenter present to the subject pairings of the:
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CS and UCS
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Which of the following assumptions found in systematic desensitization means the subjects cannot experience two competing emotional states at the same time?
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reciprocal inhibition
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Which conditioning procedure is being used if the CS is presented and continued until the UCS is presented?
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delayed
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According to the text, the most effective conditioning procedure is generally:
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delayed
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The optimal CS-UCS interval refers to the time __________ that is most favorable for the classical conditioning of a response.
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between the onset of the CS and the onset of the UCS
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Seligman has proposed that animals and humans have an evolutionary preparedness to associate a certain CS and UCS together. The likelihood that a particular CS will form an association with an UCS is called:
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salience
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In order to produce inhibition of delay, the experimenter must use:
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trace or delayed conditioning
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Pavlov found disinhibition while conducting experiments on extinction. To produce this, the experimenter must:
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present a novel stimulus during during extinction that increases the strength of the CR.
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Higher-order conditioning refers to:
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a previously used CS serving as a UCS
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As second-order conditioning proceeds there is initial excitatory conditioning to CS2 but CS2 eventually becomes a:
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conditioned inhibitor.
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Research by O’Brien and his colleagues indicates that extinction of withdrawal responses and craving occurred in cocaine addicts if:
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they were allowed repeated experiences with stimuli associated with cocaine.
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Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are effective only after animals learn about them.
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True
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Primary reinforcers are also called positive reinforcers and secondary reinforcers are called negative reinforcers.
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True
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Spontaneous recovery following extinction does not occur in operant conditioning.
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False
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Post reinforcement pause increases and the fixed ratio schedule increases
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True
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Skinner argued that behavior is controlled by contingencies. A contingency is:
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a specified relationship between behavior and reinforcement.
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According to Skinner, a positive reinforcer is an event occurring after a response that:
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increases the probability of the response occurring
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A negative reinforcer is an event
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taken away after a response that increases the probability of the response occurring.
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In general, humans are expected to be more productive if they are given verbal praise for their work. In this case, praise is a
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secondary positive reinforcer
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Giving reinforcement for successive approximations of a desired response defines
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shaping
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On a fixed interval schedule:
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the animals gradually increases responding as the time for reinforcement availability approaches
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A certain time period must pass without a response before a response is reinforced. This describes a:
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fixed interval schedule
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When extinction is introduced in operant conditioning, the rate of behavior
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first increases then decreases
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The term _________ has replaced the term behavior modification
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contingency management
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In contingency management, the desired response is determined during the __________ stage.
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contracting
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Contingency management programs often employ:
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token economies
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1. Which of the following statements is true about the learning process?
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Changes in behavior potential as a result of learning are relatively permanent.
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2. Which of the following statements best represents the Behaviorist view regarding the role of instincts in controlling behavior?
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c. Learning from experience is much more important than instincts in controlling behavior.
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3. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was important for the development of Behaviorism because he introduced the:
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a. rules of association.
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4. Thorndike demonstrated learning in a famous experiment involving a puzzle box. This experiment required:
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b. a cat to pull a string for food.
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5. Claude took three courses in Latin in his sophomore year and earned an A in each course. Now at the beginning of his junior year his roommate is taking the first course in Latin and asks Claude to translate a very simple Latin phrase. Claude merely laughs shrugs his shoulders and walks away without answering. His failure to make the simple translation is most likely due to:
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c. failure to exhibit what Pavlov called “generalization”.
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6. Which of the following best illustrates Pavlov’s concept of “generalization”?
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b. When encountering a novel traffic signal you know to stop on “red”
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7. In classical conditioning generalization is said to have occurred when:
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c. a similar CS elicits the CR.
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8. Watson and Raynor conducted the “Little Albert” experiment to determine whether:
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b. fear can be classically conditioned in humans.
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9. Which of the following statements represents the main principle used to judge the ethics of human research?
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a. The study will produce an increase in knowledge with minimal risk to the subjects.
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After Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat he also displayed fear responses to a white rabbit and a white coat. This is an example of:
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b. generalization
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11. Hull called the learning of a response “habit strength”. Which of the following conditions is necessary for the development of habit strength?
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c. The learner must experience drive reduction following the completion of a response.
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12. Crespi studied how hungry rats change their running speed when the amount of reward suddenly changed. His findings forced Hull to conclude that:
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a. the amount of reward directly influences the motivation for behavior.
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15. Rescorla and Solomon concluded that the influence of incentive factors such as reward, fear, frustrations, and relief are due to the establishment of __________ motive states.
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c. central
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16. According to the text, the major difficulty with Guthrie’s theory of learning is his assumption that:
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d. learning of a response can occur in a single trial.
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18. According to Tolman’s view of motivation, depriving a rat of food:
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a. increases the rat’s tendency to explore its environment.
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19. Skinner maintained that reinforcement is the most important event that controls behavior. Skinner defined a reinforcer as:
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d. any event that increases the probability of the behavior that preceded it.
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20. Skinner used the term contingency to indicate the:
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a. specific relationship between an operant response and reinforcement.
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1. The internal state of the animal that provides the motivation for a fixed action pattern is called:
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b. action-specific energy.
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2. The probability that a sign stimulus will elicit a fixed action pattern:
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d. increases as the time since the last occurrence of the fixed action pattern increases.
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3. Which of the following statements best completes this statement: A fixed action pattern
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d. is an instinctive behavior that only occurs in the presence of a specific environmental cue.
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4. Which of the following is the best example of habituation?
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d. In your freshman year someone repeatedly pulled the fire alarm at 2 am. After two weeks of this you no longer responded to the fire alarm.
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5. Habituation is a form of learning in which the subject:
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b. produces fewer responses to a stimulus that is repeated several times in succession.
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6. According to Groves and Thompson, drugs that stimulate the central nervous system are more likely to produce:
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c. sensitization to a stimulus.
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7. In theorizing about the process of habituation, Groves and Thompson argue that drugs that stimulate the central nervous system will __________ and depressive drugs will ___________.
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a. increase readiness to respond; decrease readiness to respond
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8. The fact that habituation occurs so readily suggests that:
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b. there must be some innate tendency to ignore stimuli that are unimportant.
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9. Which of the following statements describes the properties of the B-state?
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a. It is the opposite of the A state.
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10. Which of the following statements describes the properties of the A-state?
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c. It may be pleasant or aversive.
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11. The opponent-process theory is especially helpful in understanding:
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d. drug addiction.
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