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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are four nitrogenous wastes created by the body? |
Ammonia |
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How is ammonia formed? |
by deamination |
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What is deamination? |
the removal of amine groups from amino acids |
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How and why is urea formed? |
The liver converts ammonia into urea by binding two molecules of ammonia to CO2. This occurs due to ammonia being more toxic than urea |
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What is the function of creatine? |
it is a phosphate storage molecule that helps convert ADP to ATP |
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How does creatine convert ADP to ATP? |
it gives up its phosphate group |
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What is creatine excreted as in the urine? |
creatinine |
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How is uric acid formed? |
Forms when nucleotides are broken down |
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Osmoregulation |
maintenance of appropriate water and salt balance in blood |
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What makes urine yellow? |
urochrome |
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What is urochrome made by? |
liver breaking down heme |
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Which component of blood causes osmosis? |
Salt |
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Which component of blood increases blood pressure and volume as its concentration increases? |
Salt |
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What form of CO2 is excreted by the kidney? |
bicarbonate ion |
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What are four excretory organs? |
liver, lungs, kidney, skin |
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What are the functions of the urinary system? |
1. maintain H2O and salt balance |
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What is the function of ureters? |
muscular tube from kidney to bladder |
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what process do ureters undergo to transport urine to the bladder? |
peristalsis |
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What is the function of the bladder? |
storage place for urine |
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What is the function of the urethra? |
transports urine outside of body |
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What surrounds the kidney? |
renal capsule |
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Where is the gomeruli found within the kidney? |
Renal cortex |
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Where is the Bowman's capsule found within the kidney? |
renal cortex |
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Where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found within the kidney? |
renal cortex |
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Where is the Loop of Henle found within the kidney? |
renal medulla |
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Where are the collecting ducts found within the kidney? |
medulla |
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What two structures make up the renal pyramids? |
Loop of Henle and collecting ducts |
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Where in the kidney are salts, H2O and ions controlled? |
renal medulla |
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In which region of the kidney is where urine leaves? |
renal pelvis |
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What is the function of nephrons? |
to filter blood |
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Describe the path of blood through the kidney |
Renal Artery --> afferent arteriole -->glomerulus (knot of capillaries inside of Bowman's capsule) ---> efferent arteriole ----> peritubular capillaries ---> venules --> renal vein ---> inferoir vena cava |
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Where does glomerular filtration occur? |
inside Bowman's capsule |
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What is the name of the knots of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule? |
glomerulus |
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What is glomerular filtration? |
podocytes cling to glomerular capillaries leaving small holes that allow passage of fluids and other materials into Bowman's capsule |
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Which cells take part in glomerular filtration? |
podycytes |
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What is the name of the tube that directly follows the Bowman's capsule? |
Proximal Convoluted Tube |
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What tube functions in reabsorbing filtrate in the nephrons? |
Proximal Convoluted Tube |
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Which tube has microvilli in the nephrons? |
Proximal Convoluted tube |
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Where does salt and water reabsorption occur? |
Loop of Henle |
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Which component of the Loop of Henle is not permeable to water? |
ascending |
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Which component of the Loop of Henle is permeable to water? |
Descending limb |
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Where does tubular secretion occur? |
Distal convoluted tube |
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What occurs at the distal convoluted tubule? |
molecules from peritubular capillaries move into distal convoluted tubules |
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What does tubular secretion involve the secretion of? |
uric acid, hydrogen ions and ammonia |
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What is the function of the collecting ducts within the nephron? |
send urine to renal pelvis |
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What substances are found within glomerular filtrate? |
water, creatinine, bicarbonate ion, nutrients, salts |
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What is the main factor that causes glomerular filtration? |
high blood pressure |
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Which large molecules cannot pass through the glomerulus? |
blood cells, large proteins, platelets |
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Where do the molecules enter and leave the glomerulus? |
afferent arteriole is entering and efferent arteriole is leaving |
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What is tubular secretion? |
substances are transported from the interstitial fluid or blood into tubules |
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What is tubular reabsorption? |
active and passive transport of substances back into blood |
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How does passive reabsorption occur? |
water, nutrients and salts reabsorbed into blood according to their concentration gradient since blood has higher solute concentration |
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Describe active reabsorption |
Na ions are pumped out of the proximal tube actively and Cl ions follow it into the peritubular capillaries. this increases the osmarity of blood making water leave the proximal tube too and entering the peritubular capillaries due to osmosis |
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Which ion is always secreted into proximal capillaries and which is always reasorbed into peritubular capillaries to control pH |
H ions |
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What are the collecting ducts permeable to and not permeable to? |
water and not salt |
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What is released due to increased solute concentration in the blood? |
Antidiuretic hormone |
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What are the effects of ADH on the body? |
maintain more water, reabsorption of water from distal tubules & collecting ducts |
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Where does tubular reabsorption occur? |
proximal convoluted tubules |
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What hormone will decrease in concentration when you drink too much water? |
ADH |
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Diuresis |
increased urine production |
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What are the effects of diuretics? |
increase urine productions. lowers NA ion reabsoption so more water in urine |
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What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus? |
area of contact between afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule |
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Where is the blood pressure sensed within the kidney? |
cells on afferent arteriole |
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Where is renin secreted? and why? |
due to low blood volume and pressure which cannot support glomerular filtration, it is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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What is the function of renin? |
changes angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 |
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What is angiotensinogen made by? |
plasma protein made by liver |
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What is angiotensin 1 converted into angiotensin 2 by? |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme |
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What is the function of angiotensin 2? |
it is a vasoconstrictor that causes the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
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What is the function of aldosterone? |
Causes more Na ion reabsorption which causes more water reabsorption |
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Which ion is secreted as Na ion is being reabsorbed due to aldosterone? |
Potassium |
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When is ANH or ANP released? |
when atrium is stretched too much |
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What does ANH stand for and do? |
atrial natriuretic peptide/hormone |
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What happens to the pH of blood when breathing rate increase and decreases? |
increases: alkalosis, too many H ions lost |
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What is secreted into the kidneys when blood is too acidic? |
H ions and NH3 in distal tubules |
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What acts as a buffer from urine and where does it come form? |
NH3 + H = NH4 |
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What is absorbed by the kidney if the blood is too acidic? |
Na + bicarbonate ion |
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Why is NH3 secreted into the distal tubule when the blood is too acidic along with H ions? |
to form NH4 which so NH3 is a buffer in urine |
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Why are bicarbonate ions and sodium ions reabsorbed back into the blood when it is too acidic? |
sodium ions and bicarbonate ions join to form a base |
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What do the kidneys do when the blood is too basic? |
lower tubular secretion, to maintain NH3 and H which forms an acid NH4 and lower reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and sodium which combine to form a base |
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How do the kidneys maintain a normal pH of blood? |
excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions |
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What area in the kidney is responsible for regulation of blood pH? |
distal tubule |
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The majority of cells equipped with receptor sites for the hormone ADH are located in which area within the kidney? |
collecting ducts |
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Increased solute concentration of the blood is detected by the
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hypothalamus |
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What do kidneys secrete to stimulate red blood cell production? |
erythropoietin |
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What do the kidneys activate that help promotes calcium ion absorption in digestive tract? |
Vitamin D |
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What increases the concentration of urea? |
loss of water, too little water |
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Where do the substances that are present in the end product of urine come from? |
tubular secretion, glomerular filtration filtrate that has no been reabsorbed |
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What is permeable to the collecting ducts and what isn't? |
water, salt |
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What is the name of the water channels that water molecules pass through? |
aquaporins |
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Where is most of the sodium absorbed on the nephron? |
proximal convoluted tube |
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What substance contributes to the higher solute concentration in the inner medulla of the kidney? |
urea leaking from collective duct |
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What is the concurrent multiplier? |
How salts leave ascending limb of loop of Henle and water leaves descending limb. |
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Where in the loop of Henle is the osmotic pressure higher? |
lower in the loop, the higher the osmotic pressure |
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What releases ADH? What produces ADH? |
posterior pituitary gland |
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How does ADH affect the collecting duct? |
absence of ADH causes collecting ducts to be impermeable to water but ADH stimulates the production of aquaporins in cells of collecting duct |
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Which area has receptor sites for ADH? |
collective ducts |
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Which area has receptor sites of aldosterone? |
distal tubule |
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Where does active reabsorption of salt occur in the loop of Henle? How about passive reabsorption? |
passive: thin |
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What creates an osmotic gradient in the kidney? |
loop of henle |