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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
amphipathic?
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having polar and non polar sections in a molecule
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Eicosanoids
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20 carbon lipids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
Act as local hormones |
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Basic Amino acids
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Histidine
Arginine Lysine |
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Acidic Amino Acids
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Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid |
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Non-Polar Amino Acids
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Valine
Isoleucine Proline Methionine Alanine Leucine Tryptophan PHenylalanine Glycine |
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Polar Amino acids
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All the rest!
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LOCATION of disulfide bonds is _______ structure. The actual bond is ________ structure.
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LOCATION of disulfide bonds is primary structure. The actual bond is secondary structure.
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most abundant protein in the body?
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collagen
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Glucose heavily favors what form in aqueous solution?
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the ring form
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Starch and glycogen have _______ linkages.
Glycogen has ________ branch linkages Cellulose has ________ linkages |
Starch and glycogen have alpha 1,4 linkages.
Glycogen has alpha 1,6 branch linkages Cellulose has beta 1,4 linkages |
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nucleoside?
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five carbon sugar + nitrogenous base
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Nucleotide?
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five carbon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
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How do enzymes alter the equilibrium of a reaction?
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they dont alter equilibrium, only rate
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cofactors are either
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minerals or coenzymes
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zymogen
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inactive form of an enzyme
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Feedback inhibitor or activator that doesn't resemble and enzymes substrate binds to the enzyme and cause a conformational change. This is?
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Allosteric regulation
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________is the first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
It occurs in the _____ |
Glycolysis is the first stage.
It occurs in the cytosol |
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Glycolysis breaks down ______ into __ molecules of _________.
__ total ATP are spent and ___ are created. The net products are? |
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
2 ATP are spent and 4 total ATP are created. Net products: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH |
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Fermentation
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Glycolysis then pyruvate is quickly reduced to ethanol or lactic acid and NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
2 net ATP and NAD+ Goes back to the start of glycolysis |
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NADH and pyruvate pass through the outer membrane into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria via
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facilitated diffusion
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Pyruvate passes thorugh the intermembrane and into the mitochondrial matrix via ?
NADH? |
pyruvate via facilitated diffusion
NADH may require ATP |
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Once in the matrix, pyruvate is converted into _____ which enters the ________
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Acetyl CoA enters the Kreb's cycle
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Each turn of the krebs cycle produces
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1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
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Conversion of ADP into ATP is known as __________.
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substrate level phosphorylation
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NADH -> ETC -> ATP
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oxidative phosphorylation
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Aerobic respiration produces ____ net ATP (includes glycolysis).
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36 net ATP
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1 NADH = _____ ATP
1 FADH2 = _____ ATP |
1 NADH = 2 to 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP |
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As electrons are passed along the ETC, the __________ propels protons through _______ to manufacture ATP
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proton motive force
ATP synthase |
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Chemical Equation for respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O
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DNA bases
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Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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pyrimidines? how many rings?
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Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
1 ring |
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purines? how many rings?
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guanine, adenine
2 rings |
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Since the formation of one strand is continuous and the other is fragmented, the process of DNA replication is said to be
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semidiscontinuous
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What carbon on RNA contains the hydroxyl group
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Carbon 2
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In animals, DNA can only be present in
RNA can exist in the same places as DNA plus in the |
the nucleous and the mitrochondrial matrix
cytosol |
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Transcription is faster or slower than DNA replication? More or less errors?
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slower and more errors
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Enzyme-RNA complexes called _____ recognize nucleotide sequences at the ends of introns and associate to form a spliceosome
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snRNPs ("snurps")
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cDNA
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DNA that has been reverse transcriptased. No introns
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Southern botting
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identifies DNA sequences via hybridization
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Northern blotting
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identifies RNA sequences via hybridization
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Electrophoresis uses and electrolytic cell. The anode is ____ charged and the cathode is_____. DNA will migrate to the ______
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The anode is positively charged and the cathode is negative. DNA will migrate to the anode.
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RFLP?
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Identifies individuals via restriction sites.
Identifies individual not genes |
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Start codon?
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5AUG3
Amino acid = methionine = met |
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Stop codons?
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5UAA3
5UAG3 5UGA3 |
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growing polypeptide is attached to the tRNA in the
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P-site
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Eight histones wrapped in DNA form a
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nucleosome
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the basicity of histones gives them a ______ charge at normal pH
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net positive
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G1
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Gap 1:
produces new organelles and proteins. Normally the longest stage. |
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S
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Organelles and proteins are produced more slowly. DNA is replicated.
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G2
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Gap 2:
Organelles and protein are produced. |
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G2 checkpoint checks for
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MPF. If MPF is high the cell divides
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Prophase
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characterized by condensation of chromatin into chromosomes. nuclear membrane breaks down. centrioles move. spindle apparatus forms.
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anaphase
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sister cromatids split
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telphase
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nuclear membrane reforms. chromosomes decondense
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spermatogonium?
primary spermatocyte? secondary spermatocyte? spermatids? |
diploid unreplicated
diploid replicated haploid replicated haploid unreplicated |
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Oogonium?
Primary Oocyte? Secondary Oocyte? Zygote? |
diploid unreplicated
diploid replicated haploid unreplicated diploid |
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female eggs are arrested in _____ until puberty
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prophase 1 in meiosis = primary oocyte
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meiosis 1 is aka
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reduction division -> reduces ploidy
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what amino acid is not optically active
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glycine
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the nucleolous produces
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rRNA
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GTP is produced in?
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krebs
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imino acid?
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proline the helix buster
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