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57 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Criminal Violence |
State assumes responsibility for cases involving harmful violent behavior (act is seen as a threat to society) |
Homicide statistics are most accurate of all -most serious crime -more obivious when a crime has been committed |
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Homicide Types |
-Criminal -Justifiable/Excusable |
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Criminal Homicide |
Purposely, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently causing the death of another human being |
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Types of Criminal Homicide |
-Murder -Manslaughter -Felony Homicide |
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Types of Murder |
-1st degree -2nd degree |
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1st degree murder |
A killing that's intentional, premeditated, and deliberate |
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2nd degree murder |
A killing that's intentional but not premeditated or deliberate |
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Types of Manslaughter |
-Voluntary -Involuntary |
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Voluntary/Non-negligent Manslaughter |
Killing with no intent to kill because of serious provocation that diminishes criminal responsibility |
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Involuntary/Negligent |
Killing that's unintentional; acting without regard for the harm they may cause others |
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Felony Homicide |
Murders that occur during the commission of another felony |
Usually treated like 1st degree murder for sentencing |
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Justifiable/Excusable Homicide |
Killings judged to be legally acceptable because they occurred in defense of life or property |
-Does not occur due to negligence -Police more likely to be involved than citizens -Most are intra racial |
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Rape |
Penetration no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex origin of another person, without the CONSENT of the victim |
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Sexual Assault |
Attacks or attempted attacks involving unwanted sexual contact that may or may not involve force |
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Statutory Rape |
Sexual relations with a victim under the age of consent (usually 17) |
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Mass Murder |
Killing of 3 or more people at one time and in one place |
Often take their own lives after their rampage |
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Spree Murder |
Killing of 3 or more people within a 30 day period, and is usually accompanied by the commission of another felony |
-Do damage in short period of time -Some involve teams |
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Marital Rape |
Committed by spouse; can include former spouses, common-law marriages, and others living together as spoused though not legally married |
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Robbery |
Taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person/persons by force or threat of force or violence, and/or by putting the victim in fear |
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Types of Robberies |
-Armed -Strong Armed |
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Armed Robbery |
Involves weapon of some sort |
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Strong Armed Robbery |
No weapon, uses body (hands, fists, feet) |
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Types of Robbers |
-Professional -Opportunist -Addict |
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Professional Robber |
Crime is a source of livelihood |
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Opportunist Robber |
Steals small amounts of money when target presents itself |
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Addict |
Rob to pay for drugs/alcohol |
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Situational Crime Prevention |
Uses technical and structural solutions to minimize risk of victimization |
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Types of Assault |
-Simple -Aggravated |
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Simple Assault |
An attack without a weapon regardless of whether or not an injury occured, minor injury, or an undetermined injury requiring less than two days of hospitalization |
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Aggravated Assault |
An unlawful attack or threat of attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury |
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Reasons for reporting Assaults |
To stop or prevent the incident |
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Reasons for NOT reporting Assaults |
For a private/personal matter |
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Victim/Offender Relationship |
-Victim knows offender most of the time -Majority killed by acquaintance (males more likely) -Females more to be killed by intimate partner (white more than black) -Proportion committed by spouse/ex spouse ⬇while by boyfriend/girlfriend ⬆ -Stranger homicides are more likely to cross racial lines, though still mostly intraracial |
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Family Homicide |
-Referred to as familicide -Over 1/3 involves spouses/ex spouses -1/4 are children killed by parents (%⬆over time) -Children killing parents has⬆over time (fathers bigger target, sons most likely) -Sibling homicide |
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Child Homicide |
-Black children under 5 have highest rates of those under 5 -The younger under 5, the greater the risk (infanticide) -Parent is the perpetrator most of the time -Most child victims are male |
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Facts about Mass Murder |
-Often take their own lives after the rampage -Sites change often: school, malls, post office -Examples: Cho Seung-Hui, Adam Lanza, Patrick Sherrill |
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Characteristics of Mass Murder |
-Victims can be known or unknown -Usually do not kill any others after the initial mass attck -Usually have issues with anger and hostility toward people they believe to have wronged them |
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Characteristics of Spree Murder |
-Tend to do their damage within a short time span -Some involve teams -Victims usually selected at random, but selected because they meet the personal needs of the killer at the time -Usually apprehended Ex: Beltway Snipers |
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Estimating Rape |
-Least likely form of violence to be reported to police •Hard to estimate, but most reliable information comes from surveys - not official statistics -Stigma decreases reporting rates -Surveys can be also problematic -Need to be behaviorally specific to be effective |
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Demographic Factors |
Rate of rape is 6x higher for women |
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Rape and Sexual Assault of College Women |
-Women attending college are at greater risk compared to women of the same age in the general population -Most know their assailants -Most take place in residents -Often faciliated by drugs and alcohol (date rape drugs: GHB, rohypol, special K, also drugs and alcohol affect judgement and behavior, memory, and can cause blackouts) -Societal response |
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Societal Response |
Student right to know and campus security act of 1990 -Any colleges and universities participating in federal student aid programs must "prepare, publish, and distribute...an annual security report" -Purpose is to communicate campus security policies and crime statistics Clery Act added as amendment -Requires publication of more specific policies regarding awareness and prevention of sexual assault and requires basic rights are given to sexual assault victims Title X |
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3 Acts of Societal Response |
-Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act of 1990 -Clery Act -Title X |
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Reasons for Rape |
-Rape myths -Heterogeneous group of offenders -The 4 typologies -Rape feeds offenders need for power and dominance |
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Rape Myths |
-Victim is not a real victim (woman caused own rape) -Alcohol/Drugs cause rape -Rapist is "sick" (crazy/psychotic) -Results on miscommunication between victim and assailant) |
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Four Typologies |
-Power reassurance (low self esteem/feeling of being inadequate) -Anger retaliation (men feel hostility toward women & use rape as revenge) -Power assertive (having power over the victim/ ❤ being in control) -Sadistic (most violent, cruelty in attacks, enjoy humiliation, most likely to kill) |
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Elder Homicide |
-Eldercide -Only 5% of victims are elderly -Most victims and offenders are white -Most likely killed during comission of another felony |
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Mult Victim/Mult Offender |
-Most are single victim/offender -Homicides more likely to have more offenders than victims -Proportion involving mult offenses ⬇with offenders age |
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Homicide by Circumstance |
-Category unknown has grown over time -Argument 2nd most common circumstance of all (brawls about drugs, alcohol etc) -Can be called confrontational homicides -Common for youth homicides -Alcohol is a contributing factor |
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Clearances |
Crime cleared when a person is arrested, charged, and turned over for prosecution or cleared by exceptional means |
Homicide has highest rates |
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Serial Murder |
Killing of 3 or more victims in 3 or more separate incidents over weeks, months, and years with a significant cooling off between killings |
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Characteristics of Serial Murders |
-middle aged white males -most kill at home -most have previous record -tend to kill strangers -kill in general location or area |
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Time and Place of Assault |
-1 mile or less from home -Aggravated Assault more likely at night and simple Assault during day -south has highest rates of aggravated Assault |
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Assault (Weapons and Injury) |
Most aggravated assaults involves a weapon (strangers more likely to use guns while known offenders use knives) |
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Female Robbers |
-3 main ways females commit robberies -most common is of other females in a physically confrontational manner -most involves knives rather than guns -choose targets for same reason men do (target women because less likely to be armed and resist) -motivations are the same but m.o. is different |
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Self Protective Behaviors and Injury (Injury) |
-over 1/3 report being injured -Females more than males -16 to 19 year olds -whites -Stranger robberies less likely involves injury |
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Characteristics of Robberies |
-Most likely of non fatal violent crimes to involve a weapon ●NCVS: most are strong armed ●UCR: most are armed ●strangers more likely to use weapon |
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