Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
TMJ
|
Articulation of the condyle of mandible with the mandibular fossa of temporal bone.
Combines elements of a condylar, hinge, and plane joints. |
|
Glenohumeral Joint
(humeroscapular) |
(Shoulder joint)
Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula |
|
Shoulder stabilizing muscles
& their tendons that form the rotator cuff |
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis |
|
Rotator Cuff
|
-Made of tendons
-Fused to the joint capsule -on all sides except the inferior |
|
Bursae of the Shoulder
|
Subdeltoid
Subacromial Subcoracoid Subscapular |
|
Elbow Joint
|
Humeroulnar joint (trochlea notch of humerus joints trochlear notch of ulna.) & humeroradial joint articulation (capitulum of humerus meets head of the radius.)
|
|
Coxal
(Hip Joint) |
Head of femur inserts into the acetabulum of hip bone
|
|
Tibiofemoral Joint
(Knee Joint) |
-Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body
-Hinge joint -Patella articulates with femur to form the patellofemoral joint -Knee is stabilized by the quadriceps tendon in front & semimembranosus muscle in back |
|
Lateral & Transverse Menisci
|
-Absorbs shock of body
-Prevents the femur from rocking side to side on the tibia |
|
ACL/PCL
(Anterior/Posterior Cruciate Ligament) |
-Crosses knee in an 'X'
-ACL prevents hyperextension -PCL prevents the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents tibia from being displaced backward. |
|
Popliteal Regions
|
Posterior region of knee that unlocks knee from extension by rotating femur laterally and untwisting ligaments.
|
|
Talocrural Joint
(Ankle Joint) |
Articulation between medial joint of tibia/talus and a lateral joint of fibula/talus.
|
|
Calcaneal tendon
(achilles) |
Extends from calf muscle to calcaneous.
Plantflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion. |
|
Types of Synovial Joints
|
Ball & Socket
Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Hinge Joint Plane Joint Condylar Joint |
|
Ball & Socket Joint
|
Humeroscapular (shoulder joint)
(Head of Humerus & Scapula) Hip Multi-axial |
|
Pivot Joint
|
Radius & Ulna
Radial head pivots around radial notch of the ulna (radioulnar) Atlantoaxial (1st two vertebrae/axis & atlas) Mono-axial; bone spins on its longitudinal axis |
|
Saddle Joint
|
Metacarpal bone & Carpal bone
(trapeziometacarpal) Two concavities face one another; convex on exteriors Biaxial Thumb = frontal & sag plane Sternoclavicular = frontal plane & horizontally in transverse plane |
|
Hinge Joint
|
Convex fits into depression of other bone; not hemispherical
Humeroulnar = elbow joint (Humerus & Ulna) Trochlea of humerus & condyles of femur Knee Monaxial; moving freely in one plane with very little movement elsewhere (door hinge) |
|
Plane Joint
(Gliding) |
Bones are more flat or slightly concave
Bones slide over eachother; limited movement Carpal Bones Intercarpal Between vertebrae Biaxial |
|
Condylar Joint
|
Oval convex fits into a similar shaped depression on other bone
Wrist Metacarpal Bone & Phalanx (metacarpophalangeal) Making a fist/extend fingers = frontal & sag plane Biaxial - movement in 2 planes |
|
Which is the least movable joint
diarthrosis synostosis symphysis synovial joint condylar joint |
Synostosis
|
|
The lubricant of a diarthrosis is called __________
|
Synovial Fluid
|
|
A fluid-filled sac that eases the movement of a tendon over bone is called _______
|
Bursa
|
|
A _____ joint allows one bone to swivel on another.
|
Pivot
|
|
Kinesiology
|
The study of movement
|
|
Gomphosis
Fibrous Joint |
-Fibrous joint or synarthrosis.
-Bones bound by collagen fibers -short fibers allow for little or no movement -Joint between a tooth and the mandible |
|
Types of Fibrous Joints
(Synarthrosis) |
Bones bound by collagen
Sutures Gomphoses Syndesmoses- fibers are longer & attach to more movable bones |
|
Sutures
|
Immobile fibrous joints that closely bind the skull bones
They occur no where else |
|
Types of Sutures
|
Serrate
Lap (squamous) Plane |
|
Serrate sutures
|
wavy lines
coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures of parietal bones |
|
Lap Sutures
|
-Overlaping beveled edges
-Between temporal and parietal bones (squamous suture) |
|
Plane Sutures (butt)
|
-2 bones have straight non-overlapping edges.
-Bones border one another -Between Palatine process of maxillae & roof of mouth |
|
Syndesmosis
|
-Fibrous joint where 2 bones are bound by long collagenous fibers
- More mobility than others -Exists between shafts of radius and ulna |
|
Cartilaginous Joints
(amphiarthrosis) |
bones are linked by cartilage
2 types: Synchondroses Symphyses |
|
Synchondroses
Cartilaginous Joint |
bones bound by hyaline cartilage
-Temporary joint between the epiphysis &diaphysis of a long bone in a child -attachment of rib to sternum |
|
Symphysis
Cartilaginous Joint |
bones are bound by fibrocartilage
-Pubic symphysis where the right & left pubic bones are joined together -bones of vertebrae |
|
Unlike most ligaments the ____ligaments do not attach one bone to another.
|
Periodontal ligaments
|
|
Components of a Synovial Joint
(Diarthrosis) |
Articular cartilage (hyaline)
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid(alubim & hyaluronic acid) joint capsule fibrous capsule synovial membrane - fibroblast cells that secrete fluid Tendons Ligmanents Bursae |
|
Synostoses
Joints/Bony Joint |
Immovable joint
Gap between 2 bones ossifies and they become one bone -In infants the frontal & mandubular bones soon fuse to become one bone -In old age, the first rib attached to stern becomes a synostosis -Epiphyseas & diaphyses of long bones become synostoses in early adulthood |
|
Structure of the pelvic girdle
|
Complete ring of 3 bones:
1- 2 coxal (hip) bone 2- Sacrum |
|
Bones of the thoracic cage
|
Thoracic vertebrae
sternum ribs Enclosure for lungs & heart Provides attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limbs Role in breathing Protects thoracic organs |
|
Vertebral Abnormalities
|
Mostly in thoracic vertebrae; body & arch fail to develop on one side
Scoliosis = abnormal lateral curve Kyphosis (hunchback) = exaggerated thoracic curvature Lordosis = exaggerated LUMBAR curvature |
|
Fontanels in an infant
|
Fibrous membranes:
Anterior Posterior Sphenoid Mastoid |
|
Bones that form walls of the orbits
|
Palatine Bone
Frontal Zygomatic Maxilla Sphenoid Lacrimal Ethmoid |
|
Bone Markings
|
Articulations
Extensions/Projections Depressions Passages & Cavities |
|
Articulations
|
Condyle - rounded knob for articulation
Facet - smooth, flat Head - prominent end |
|
Extensions & Projections
|
Crest - iliac crest
Epicondyle - expanded region superior to condyle line process - any bony prominence protuberance spine - sharp narrow process trochanter - femur tubercle - small rounded process (humerus) tuberosity- rough elevated surface |
|
Depressions
|
Alveoulus - tooth sockets
Fossa - elongated basin Fovea: Small pit (femur) Sulcus - groove for tendon, nerve or blood vessel |
|
Passages & Cavities
|
Canal - passage in a bone
Fissure - slit Foramen- hole Meatus - opening into a canal Sinus - air filled space in a bone |
|
Intramembranous ossification
|
Flat bones of the skull
Clavicle 1- Embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) condense into soft tissue with lots of blood capillaries. Cells enlarge and differentiate into osteogenic cells 2- Osteogenic -->osteoblasts Calcium phosphate is deposited into matrix --> Osteocytes Mesenchyme & trabeculae become denser and fibrous forming periosteum 3- Osteoblasts deposit minerals Trabeculae = spongy bone Osteoclasts reabsorb -->marrow cavity of middle bone 4- Trabeculae convert spongy bone to compact bone |
|
Endochondral Ossification
|
Bone is prceded by hyaline cartilage -->replaced by osseous tissue
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula, pelvic girdle, limbs Epiphyseal plate in hand 1- Cartilage 2- Formation of primary ossification center, condrocytes enlarge Chondrocytes -->osteoblasts 3- Primary marrow cavity & secondary ossification center/ Chodrocyte death 4- Marrow cavity expands 5- Epiphyseal plate = growth zone for bone elongation 6- Gap betwen epiphyses & diaphyses closes; single marrow cavity. Bone can no longer grow in length. |
|
Bone elongation is a result of ____
|
Cartilage growth
|
|
Organic component of bones
|
collagen & protein-carbohydrate complexes:
glycosaminoglycans, proteogylcans glycoproteins |
|
Inorganic component of bone matrix
|
hydroxyapatite
(calcium phosphate) |
|
4 Major Categories of Joints
|
Bony (Synostosis)
Fibrous (Synarthrosis) Cartilaginous (Amphioarthrosis) Synovial Joints |
|
Osseous tissue is a(a)_______tissue.
|
Connective
|
|
Bone forming cells
|
Osteoblasts
|
|
PTH
(parathyroid hormone) |
Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys
Stimulates osetoclast activity Promotes calcitriol synthesis Inhibits Osteoblasts activity (corrects hypocalcemia) |
|
Calcitriol
|
Raises blood calcium concentration
Promotes bone resorption |
|
Calcitonin
|
Secreted by thyroid gland
Secreted when calcium level is too high in blood -->lowers concentration (reverses hypercalcemia) |
|
Layers of the Skin
|
Epidermis
Dermis |
|
Layers of the Epidermis
|
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale (Luciderm only in thick skin, is superficial to granulosum) |
|
Compact Bone
|
dense white osseous tissue
|
|
Spongy Bone
|
loosely organized form of osseous tissue at the ends of bones, just inside the compact bone of the shaft & in the middle of most flat, irregular, & short bones.
|
|
Periosteum
|
outer fibrous layer of collagen & bone forming cells (osteoblasts)
|
|
Endosteum
|
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lines the internal marrow cavity, covers surface of spongy bone & lines the canal system
|
|
Ossification
|
The formation of bone
|
|
In the human fetus & infant, bone develops by two methods called _____________and ____________.
|
Intramembranous
Endochondral ossification |
|
Mechanical Advantage
|
Ratio of output force to input force
MA = Le/Lr e= effort r=resistance |
|
MA greater than 1.0
|
lever produces more force, but less speed or distance than the force exterted on it
|
|
MA less than 1.0
|
lever produces more speed or distance, less force than input
|
|
Movements of the Madible in chewing
|
In preparation for a bite, we first protract the mandible, then retract it. To actually take a bite, we depress the mandible to open the mouth, then elevate it so the incisors can cutt off food.
|