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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
speciation
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the formation of a new species arise or the evolution of reproductive isolation between previously interbreeding groups
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morphilogical species concept
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groups that have shared morphological features, individuals that look alike
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biological species concept
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species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups
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phylogenetic species concept
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species are identified by estimating the phylogeny of closely related populations and finding the smallest monophyletic groups
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allopatric model
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physical isolation creates a barrier to gene flow
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sympatric model
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no geographical isolation
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extrinsic
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geographical features like mountains, rivers, oceans, forests
geographic isolation |
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intrinsic
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genetically based properties of organisms that limit gene flow
reproductive isolation |
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proteins
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biochemically versatile, amino acid sequence could be information but no evidence that they can transmit inofrmation or replicate.
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DNA
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can store information and transmit information cia replication but no naturally occuring examples that show it does any kind of work
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RNA
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like dna can sotre and transmit information and it can have catalytic acitvity.
genotype and phenotype |
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fossil
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trace of an organism that lived in hte past
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compression fossil
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when the specimen was buried under sediments, then exposed to pressure before decomposition. Preserces flat specimens well, thick specimens distored under the pressure. Preserves surface features
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Edysozoans
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are molting anumals and include nematodes and arthorpods
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lophotrochozoans
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characterized by the presence of the lophore a feeding tube
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microevolution
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changes in gene frequency within a population
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macroevolution
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evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution
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adaptive radiation
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when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches
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morphological innovation
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the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food
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puntuated equilibrium
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the idea that morphological change occurs rapidly and is associated with speciation events, between spaciation events are long periods of no morphological change.
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fossil
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trace of an organism that lived in the past
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compression fossil
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when the specimen was buried under sediments, then exposed to pressure before decomposition. Preserces flat specimens well, thick specimens distored under the pressure. Preserves surface features
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Edysozoans
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are molting anumals and include nematodes and arthorpods
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lophotrochozoans
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characterized by the presence of the lophore a feeding tube
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microevolution
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changes in gene frequency within a population
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macroevolution
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evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution
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adaptive radiation
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when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches
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macroevolution
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evolution at the species level or above. speciation or formation of higher level taxa. the result of the accumulated effects of microevolution
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morphological innovation
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the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food
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adaptive radiation
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when a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendent species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches
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morphological innovation
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the development of limbs allowed new ways of moving around and new ways of acquiring food
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puntuated equilibrium
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the idea that morphological change occurs rapidly and is associated with speciation events, between spaciation events are long periods of no morphological change.
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stasis
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no morphilogical change
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anagasis
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when an entire species may evolve into another by the morphospecies concept, so the ancestral species becomes extinct as the derived species appears
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mass exctinction
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intervals in which over 60% of the species went extinct within the span of a million years
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organisms vary in? (4)
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-the number of offspring produced
-the relative investment in each offspring -how often they reproduce -how long their reproductive lives are "life history characters" |
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the "perfect organism" is
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-mature at birth
-continuously produces lots of high quality offspring -lives forever |
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some life history characters that can vary:
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-age at maturity
-size of litter(s) -time between litters |
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Theories of aging (2)
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1. rate of living theory
-wear and tear -individuals repair as much as possible but cant keep up and damage accumulates 2. evolutionary theory -energy allocation to repair treated to energy allocation for reproduction |
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grandmother hypothesis
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suggests that older women increase their lifetime inclusive fitness by helping to raise grandchildren at the cost of giving up some reproductive potential.
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species
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groups that have shared morphological features (individuals that look alike)
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to apply phylogenetic species concept you?
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sequence and compare the same two genes from 38 populations
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to apply biological species concept you?
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test individuals for their ability to make and produce offspring.
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How do new species form?
3 steps? |
Speciation!
1. isolation of populations 2. divergence in traits 3. reproductive isolation that maintains evolutionary independence even if the two populations come into contact again. 1 and 2 can be simultaneously, 3 may not happen |
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mechanisms of evolutionary change? 4
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mutation, drift migration, natural selection
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postzygotic isolation mechanism results in?
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reduced viability in the hybrid offspring.
-zygote does not develop -offspring is sterile -zygote has reduced viability |
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Types of prezygotic mechanisms
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-ecological isolation
-temporal isolation -behavioral isolation -mechanical isolation -gametic isolation |
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types of postzygotic mechanisms
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-developmental incompatibilities
-ecology -mating |
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introgression
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If hybrids have even limited fitness, genes can be exchanged between species.
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life
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the ability to reproduce and evolve
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where did the RNA or other organic molecules come from?
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most likely from outerspace!
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creation o fossil depends on
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-durability of the specimen
-burial -lack of decay creates bias in fossil record |
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unaltered remains are?
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amber, peat bogs, tar pits and permafrost
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the cambrian fossils show the first evidence of a diversity of what morphological innovations?
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-large body size
-segmented bodies -limbs -antennae -shells -exoskeletons -notochords |
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what trigers adaptive radiation?
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ecological opportunity and morphological opportunity
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ecological opportunity
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When a small population is suddenly presented with a wide array of ecological niches/resources. Can happen when a founder population colonizes a new place.
Can also happen after a mass extinction - the surviving species now have unoccupied niches to fill. |
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how to demonstrate stasis?
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-Need to examine a group with a known phylogeny
-Ancestral species overlap in time with descendent species, so you can see that there was a splitting event rather than anagenesis |
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Development
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the process by which organisms achieve their adult form.
-includes growth, cell differentiation shape change, maturation |
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Evo-Devo (evolution-development)
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Use our understanding of development to understand how changes
in developmental programs correspond with morphological evolution |
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What are the 3 major developmental steps?
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1) decision to make a limb
2) extend limb primordia 3) what kind of limb? (Hox genes) |
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how do vaccines work?
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by showing the immune system
the antigenic sites of a virus. |
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virulence
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The relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease
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What are the models that explain virulence?
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1.The coincidental evolution hypothesis
2.The short sighted evolution hypothesis 3. The trade-off hypothesis |
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The coincidental evolution hypothesis
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-Virulence in humans may not be the target of selection, but rather a byproduct of selection
on other traits. |
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short sighted hypothesis
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Pathogens may go through several generations of evolution/selection within a host before transmission to a new host. In this case, selection for in-host fitness may be at odds with selection
favoring transmission to a new host |
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the trade off hypothesis
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Rapid growth is likely to increase virulence, shortening the life span of the host, but may increase chances of transmission.
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