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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The origin of the word ecology is the Greek word __ meaning household,home,place to live |
Oikos |
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Study of structure and function of nature |
Ecology |
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The scientific study of the interaction that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms |
Ecology |
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The study of the relationships between organisms and the totality of the physical and biological factors affecting them or influenced by them |
Ecology |
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The study of the adaptation of organisms to their environment |
Ecology |
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The study of the principles which govern temporal and spatial patterns for assemblages of organisms |
Ecology |
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The study of organisms and their environment and the interrelationships between the two |
Ecology |
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The study of the relationships between organisms and their physical and biological environments |
Ecology |
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The study of the structure and function of nature |
Ecology |
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Includes the distribution and abundance of organisms as influenced by the biotic and abiotic elements of the environment |
Structural |
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Includes how populations groe and interact including competition,predation,paratism,mutualism and transfer of nutrients and energy |
Function |
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Sub-divisions of Ecology |
Synecology Autecology |
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Deals with the study of organisms which are associated together as a unit |
Synecology |
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It is philosophical and deductive |
Synecology |
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It is largely descriptive and not easily subject to experimental design |
Synecology |
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Subdivisions of Synecology |
Aquatic ecology Terrestrial ecology Marine ecology |
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Concerned with the study of the interrelations of individual organisms with the environment |
Autecology |
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It is experimental and inductive,easily quantified and subject to experimental design bith in laboratory and in the field |
Autecology |
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Life histories and behavior as a means of adaptation to the environment are usually emphasized |
Autecology |
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Emphasized that similar climates support similar vegetation |
Carl Ludwig Wildenow |
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Correlated vegetation types with environmental characteristics |
Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
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Studied the effects of temperature on plant distribution and introduced the concept of succession-vegetation change through time |
J.F. Schouw |
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He also use experimental transplant gardens to study the behavior of plants taken from different elevations |
J.F. Schouw |
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Unified plant morphology,physiology,taxonomy and biogeography into a coherent whole |
Johannes Warming |
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Described how plants modify their environment by creating microenvironments and introduced such concepts as shade tolerance,competition,plant succession and the role of fire |
Andreas Schimper |
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Contributed as a scheme of life form classification and quantitative methods of sampling vegetation |
Christen Raunkaier |
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Introduced the concept of ecosystem |
A.E. Tansley |
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His work on "Ecological relations of the Sand Dune Flora of Northern Indians marked the beginning of pioneering studies of plant succession |
H.C. Cowles |
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Developed an ecological approach to freshwater biology |
Thienemann |
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He introduced the ideas of organic nutrient cycling and trophic feeding levels,using the terms producers and consumers |
Thienemann |
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He also studied the physical parameters of freshwater habitats and introduced limnology for the study of freshwater life |
Thienemann |
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Tge beginnings of animal ecology can be traced to these people |
Europeans R. Hesse Charles Elton |
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Strongly influenced the development of animal ecology in the US |
Elton's Animal ecology Hesse's Tiergeographie |
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Published the first rect on animal ecology |
Charles Adams |
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The work of __________ in Temperate America stressed the relationship of plants and animals and emphasized the concept of ecology as a science of communities |
Victor Shelford Animal Communities |
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Discussed trophic structure and energy budgets,population dynamics and natural selection and evolution |
W.C. Allee |
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Started the comparative method of studying nonhuman animals to gain insights into human behavior |
George John Romanes |
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Second more important to ecology |
Comparative Physiology Ethology |
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The systematic study of the function and evolution of behavioral patterns |
Ethology |
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Scientists who studied ethology |
Konrad Lorenz Niko Tinbergen Karl von Frisch |
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Who developed the scheme of 4 areas of inquiry |
Niko Tinbergen |
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Noted for his studies of genetically programmed behavior |
Konrad Lorenz |
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4 areas of inquiry |
Causation Development Evolution Function |
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Who started studies of bee communication and behavior |
Karl von Frisch |
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The third new field of animal behavior |
Behavioral ecology |
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Investigates the way animals interact with their living and nonliving environments |
Behavioral ecology |
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Concerned with the responses of individual organisms to temperature,moisture,light,nutrients and other such stresses |
Physiological ecology |
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Ecology has occurred from so many roots and has grown from so many stems |
Polymorphic discipline |
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It comes from dufferent areas of study like marine,freshwater and terrestrial |
Polymorphic discipline |
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It is also concerned with taxonomic groups from bacteria,protozoa to mammals and forest trees |
Polymorphic discipline |
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These fields of scientific study are related to ecology |
Natural history Environmental science Resource management science |
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The study of the habitat,behaviors and interactions of organisms to their natural environments |
Natural history |
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The study of the ecological effects on human activities on the environment |
Environmental science |
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It is an interdisciplinary science that incorporates ecology,chemistry,geology and even aspects of sociology and economics |
Environmental science |
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Examples of Environmental science research |
Studies of acid rain Global warming Oil spills |
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The science that uses the principles of ecology to maintain and manage biological diversity in both relatively natural systems and those more altered by human activity |
Conservation biology |
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Refer to several of a system's features,including the number of species,the amount of genetic variation and the complexity of interactions |
Biological diversity |
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Concerned with identifying ways of maintaining or augmenting these sorts of variety in the ecosystem |
Conservation biologists |
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The science of the control and manipulation of game and nongame wildlife populations to provide adequate numbers for hunters and other wildlife enthusiasts |
Wildlife management |
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It is the whole environment house in which we live and it is the totality of man and environment |
Ecology |
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An answer to the following problems of pollution,overpopulation and degradation;Concerned with natural resource management;management of wildlife;awareness of the improvement and prevention of its continued contamination |
Ecology |
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Nonbiological processes |
Temperature Rainfall Soil |
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Used to include all relationships between organisms of a given area and their interactions with the physical environment |
Ecosystem |
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In ecology,it is a naturally occurring assemblage of organisms,living together with their environment functioning as a loose unit |
Ecosystem |
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Biitic community or biocoensis |
Plant Animal Other living organisms |
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An interacting system of plants,animals and humans and their surrounding physical environment |
Ecosystem |
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Contains living and nonliving organisms that each or contribute to a unique service or function that other organisms depend upon |
Ecosystem |
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It is a system of interrelationships,interactions and processes |
Ecosystem |
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Who coin the term ecosystem |
A.G. Transley |
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The primary focus of Ecosystem |
Exchange of energy and matter |
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Exchanges from inside the ecosystem to the surrounding environment |
Outputs |
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An Ecosystem with no inputs |
Closed Ecosystem |
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One with inputs |
Open Ecosystem |
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3 basic components of Ecosystem |
Autotrophs Consumers Abiotic matter |
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Use the energy of the sun in photosynthesis to transform inorganic compounds into simple organic compounds |
Producers or autotrophs or largely green plants |
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Use the organic compounds produced by the autotrophs as a source of food |
Consumers or heterotrophs |
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2 subsystems of heterotrophic component |
Consumers Decomposers |
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Feed largely on living tissues |
Consumers |
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Break down dead matter into inorganic substances |
Decomposers |
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Consists of the soil,sediments,particulate matter,dissolved organic matter in aquatic ecosystem and litter in terrestrial ecosystems |
Abiotic component |
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Much more complex than simple sediments |
Soils |
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They contain a mixture of weathered rock fragments,highly altered soil mineral particles,organic matter and living organisms |
Soils |
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Provides organisms found within ecosystems which carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration |
Atmosphere |
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Used in ecosystems to heat the atmosphere and to evaporate and transpire water into the atmosphere |
Solar radiation |
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Also necessary for photosynthesis |
Sunlight |
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Provides the energy for plant growth and metabolism and rhe organic food for other forms of life |
Photosynthesis |
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The driving force of the system |
Energy of the sun |
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The medium by which mineral nutrients enter and are translocated in plants |
Water |
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It is also necessary for the maintenance of leaf turgidity and is required for photosynthetic chemical reactions |
Water |
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2 main ideas about how ecosystems function are: |
Ecosystems have energy flows Ecosystems cycle materials |
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Considered as an open system with respect to energy |
Earth |
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Obtain elements from the surrounding atmosphere,water or soils |
Plants |
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May also obtain elements directly from the physical environment,but usually they obtain these mainly as a consequence of consuming other organisms |
Animals |
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Those elements whose supply tends to limit biological activity |
Nutrients |
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Is captured by the process of photosynthesis |
Energy from the sun |
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Combines with water to produce carbohydrates |
Carbon dioxide |
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Stored in the hogh energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
Energy |
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The first step in the production of energy for living things |
Primary production |
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Derives its energy from the sun,captured by plant photosynthesis,flows from trophic level via the food chain |
Simple food chain |
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Composed of organisms that make a living in the same way |
Trophic level |
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Are descriptive diagrams-a series of arrows,each pointing from one species to another for which it is a source of food |
Food chains |
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2 major food chains |
Grazing food chain Detrital food chain |
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In this food chain,the source of energy is living plant biomass or net primary production |
Grazing food chain |
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In this food chain,the source of energy is dead organic matter or detritus |
Detrital food chain |
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The source of energy for the carnivores and so on |
Herbivores |
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First level consumers of the grazing food chains |
Cattle grazing |
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A good place to seek an example of a detrital food web |
Forest litter |
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Many food links and chains in an ecosystem |
Food web |
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Drawn in a diagram similar to a spiderweb to show how the energy moves |
Food web |
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Also called producers,convert that energy into food through photosynthesis |
Plants |
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Plants do photosynthesis in special cells called |
Chloroplasts |
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These are usually green because of a pigment called chlorophyll |
Chloroplasts |
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Living organisms in freshwater bodies |
Aquatic ecology |
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Living organisms together in seas and oceans |
Marine ecology |
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Living on land |
Terrestrial ecology |
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Protection from ultraviolet radiation |
Ozone layer |
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Providing the needs of the present generation while considering also the future generation |
Sustainable development |
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Causes of acid rain |
Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide Smoke from motor vehicles |
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A dynamic system that is changing continuously while undergoing chemical and physical processes |
Earth's atmosphere |
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The thin layer of gases that envelope the earth |
Atmosphere |
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A mixture of many discrete gases,each with its own physical properties,in which varying quantities of tiny dolid and liquid particles are suspended |
Air |
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4 gases that composed 99.99% of dry air |
Nitrogen-78.08% Oxygen-20.95% Argon-0.93% Carbon dioxide-0.03% |
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0.01% of dry air is composed of |
Neon Helium Krypton Nitrous oxide Hydrogen Ozone Other substances in minute amounts |
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Other components of air near the earth's surface that are of great importance to life |
Water vapor Dust particles Bacteria Pollens Soot Fog Carbon particles |
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The most abundant and important gas in the atmosphere |
Nitrogen |
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It is relatively inactive element |
Nitrogen |
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It dilutes oxygen to lessen the rate at which oxidation or burning occurs |
Nitrogen |
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An important element in the body of plants and animals |
Nitrogen |
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Breath of life |
Oxygen |
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The most important gas in the atmosphere |
Oxygen |
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Aids in purifying water,decaying waste matter and destroying germs |
Oxygen |
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Plays an important role in life |
Carbon dioxide |