Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does an endocrine gland secrete its product?
|
directly into interstitial fluid for diffusion into the bloodstream
|
|
What is the definition of a hormone?
|
A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the activity of target cells of the body
|
|
What do hormones bind to?
|
a specific protein or glycoprotein receptor
|
|
What are the parts of the anterior pituitary?
|
pars distalis, pars tuberalis
|
|
What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
|
HGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH
|
|
What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete? Where are these made? How many of these cells are there?
|
ADH, oxytocin.
In the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus which are found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei there are 10,000 of these cells |
|
What are the parts of the posterior pituitary?
|
pars nervosa
ACTH |
|
How do ADH and oxytocin get into the posterior pituitary?
|
packed into vesicles, axonal transported, nerve impulse triggers exocytosis
|
|
What feeds the superior hypophyseal artery?
|
The internal carotid artery
|
|
How does the hypothalamus control and anterior pituitary?
|
releasing and inhibiting hormones which find their way into the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system
|
|
What are the three types of hypophyseal inhibiting hormones?
|
thyrothrops, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs
|
|
What is the sequence of events which results in the formation of IGFs?
|
GHRH-->HGH-->liver, bones, muscles, cartilage--> IGFs
|
|
What sequence results in the production of T3 and T4?
|
TRH-->TSH-->thyroid-->T3, T4
|
|
What sequence results in estrogen or testosterone?
|
GNRH-->LH-->ovaries or testes-->estrogen or testosterone
|
|
What sequence results in ovulation or spermatogenesis?
|
GNRH-->FSH-->ovaries or testes-->ovulation or spermatogenesis
|
|
Which hormones result in production of breast milk?
|
PRH-->PRL
|
|
What is MSH and where is it produced?
|
Melatocyte stimulating hormone, produced in hypothalamus and acts on cells in the pineal gland
|
|
What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?
|
an isthmus
|
|
How many thyroid lobes are there? What are the lobes made up of? What kind of cells are contained therein? What do they produce?
|
2. (1/2 people have third lobe)
thyroid follicles follicular cells T3, T4 |
|
What do thyroid parafollicular cells produce and where in the thyroid are they found?
|
calcitonin
between follicles |
|
What are the functions of T3 and T4?
|
increase basal metabolic rate
accelerate body growth |
|
Which element is required for the production of T3 and T4?
|
iodine
|
|
What causes increased release of T3, T4?
|
decreased metabolic rate
decreased levels of T3, T4 |
|
What is effect of calcitonin?
|
inhibits osteoclasts, which decreases calcium resorption from bones, which decreases blood calcium levels
|
|
Which gland stores 100 days of its own product?
|
thyroid
|
|
How many parathyroid glands normally?
|
4
|
|
When is PTH released?
|
when blood Ca levels are low
|
|
What is the effect of PTH?
|
encourages osteoclasts, which increases bone resorption (and calcium resorption), which increases blood Ca levels
also increases digestive absorption of Ca and promotes formation of calcitrol |
|
What is the other job of the parathyroid glands aside from the production and release of PTH?
|
production of calcitrol, active form of vitamin D
|
|
How many axon terminals in the posterior pituitary (hint: it's the same as the number of neurosecretory cells)
|
10,000
|
|
What stimulates the release of ADH?
|
low blood pressure (volume)
|
|
What are the effects of ADH and on which organs?
|
kidneys - increased reabsorption
skin - decreased sweat gland secretion arterioles - increases BP |
|
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex (outer to inner)
|
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
|
|
What does the zona glomerulosa produce?
|
mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
|
|
What is the effect of aldosterone?
|
increases K in urine, decreases Na in urine, increases BP, regulates mineral homeostasis
|
|
What is the RAAS?
|
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
|
|
Describe the RAAS
|
blood volume and BP are down
renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys renin converts angiotensinogen (produced in liver) to angiotensin I angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by the ACE-->angiotensin II causes arteriole constriction angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone, which decreases the secretion of Na into urine and increases blood volume and BP |
|
What does the zona fasciculata produce?
|
glucocorticoids (95% cortisol)
|
|
What triggers the release of ACTH?
|
stress
|
|
What are the 6 effects of glucocorticoids?
|
protein breakdown
glucose formation lipolysis stress resistance anti-inflammatory |
|
What is produced in the zona reticularis?
|
Androgens (dehydropiandrosterone)
|
|
What is the purpose of dehydropiandrosterone?
|
source of estrogen after menopause
female sex drive little effect in males |
|
What is produced in the adrenal medulla? Which types of cells do the actual production?
|
catecholamines - epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine
chromaffin cells |
|
What do catecholamines enhance?
|
The sympathetic response of the ANS
|
|
What hormones does the pancreas produce and from which cells?
|
alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin delta - somatostatin f cells - pancreatic polypeptide |
|
What does somatostatin do?
|
inhibits glucagon, slows digestion absorption
|
|
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
|
inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes
|
|
what does melatonin do?
|
sets body's biological clock
|
|
Where is the thymus? What does it produce?
|
Above the heart
thymopoeitin, thymic factor, thymic humoral factor, thymosin |
|
What does the thymus do?
|
assists in maturation of Tcells
|
|
Where is CCK produced? What does it do?
|
small intestine
helps to digest fat and protein |
|
What is erythropoeitin and where is it produced?
|
kidneys
increased RBC production |
|
What hormones for the testes release?
|
testosterone, inhibin
|