Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
drug
|
chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.
|
|
pharmacology
|
the study of drugs and their interactions with the body.
|
|
assay
|
test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory.
|
|
bioequivalence
|
relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
|
|
bioassay
|
test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model.
|
|
teratogenic drug
|
medication that may deform or kill the fetus.
|
|
free drug availability
|
proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.
|
|
pharmacokinetics
|
how drugs are transported into and out of the body.
|
|
pharmacodynamics
|
how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects.
|
|
active transport
|
requires the use of energy to move a substance.
|
|
carrier-mediated diffusion
or facilitated diffusion |
process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.
|
|
passive transport
|
movement of a substance without the use of energy.
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
|
|
filtration
|
movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
|
|
ionize
|
to become electrically charged or polar.
|
|
bioavailability
|
amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.
|
|
blood-brain barrier
|
tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass.
|
|
placental barrier
|
biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.
|
|
metabolism
|
the body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals.
|
|
biotransformation
|
special name given to the metabolism of drugs.
|
|
prodrug (parent drug)
|
medication that is not active when administrated, but whose biotransformation coverts it nto active metabolites.
|
|
first-pass effect
|
the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation.
|
|
oxidation
|
the loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule.
|
|
hydrolysis
|
the breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other.
|
|
enteral route
|
delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract.
|
|
parenteral route
|
delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medication into the circulatory system or tissues.
|
|
receptor
|
specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect.
|
|
affinity
|
force of attraction between a drug and a receptor.
|
|
efficacy
|
a drug's ability to cause the expected response.
|
|
second messenger
|
chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect.
|
|
down-regulation
|
binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease.
|
|
up-regulation
|
a drug causes the formation of more receptors than noormal.
|
|
agonist
|
drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response.
|
|
antagonist
|
drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response.
|
|
agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)
|
drub that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others.
|
|
competitive antagonism
|
one drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor.
|
|
noncompetitive antagonism
|
the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding.
|
|
irreversible antagonism
|
a competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.
|
|
side effect
|
unintended response to a drug.
|
|
drug-response relationship
|
correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response.
|
|
plasma-level profile
|
descrives the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels.
|
|
onset of action
|
the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration.
|
|
minimum effective concentration
|
minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect.
|
|
duration of action
|
length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration.
|
|
termination of action
|
time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body.
|
|
therapeutic index
|
ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of the population to its effective dose for 50% of the population.
|
|
biologic half-life
|
time the body takes to clear one half of a drug.
|
|
autonomic ganglia
|
groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system.
|
|
pre-ganglionic nerves
|
nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.
|
|
post-ganglionic nerves
|
nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.
|
|
neuroeffector junction
|
specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates.
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.
|
|
cholinergic
|
pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
|
|
adrenergic
|
pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
|
|
parasympathomimetic
|
drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called cholinergic.
|
|
parasympatholytic
|
drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called anticholinergic.
|
|
sympathomimetic
|
drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called adrenergic.
|
|
sympatholytic
|
drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called antiadrenergic.
|