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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define "plane."
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A flat surface formed when slicing through an object.
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Define "midline."
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An imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing it into left and right halves
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Define "medial."
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Toward the midline of the body
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Define "lateral."
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To the side, away from the midline of the body
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Define "bilateral."
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Bilateral means "on both sides."
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Define "mid-axillary line"
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A line drawn vertically from the middle of the armpit to the ankle.
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Define "anterior."
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the front of the body or body part. Also "ventral."
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Define "posterior."
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The back of the body of the body part. Also "dorsal."
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Define "superior."
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Toward the head
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Define "ventral."
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The front of the body or body part. Also "anterior."
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Define "dorsal."
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The back of the body or body part. Also "posterior."
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Define "inferior."
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Away from the head; lower
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Define "proximal."
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Closer to the torso or origination.
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Define "distal."
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Further from the torso or origination.
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Define "torso."
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The trunk of the body; the body without the head or extremities.
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Define "palmar."
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Referring to the palm of the hand.
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Define "plantar."
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Referring to the sole of the foot.
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Define "mid-clavicular line."
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The line through the center of each clavicle.
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Define "abdominal quadrants."
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Four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint the location of a pain or injury. Right upper (RUQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), and left lower quadrants.
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Define "supine."
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Lying on the back.
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Define "prone."
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Lying face down.
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What is recovery position?
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Lying on the left side -- also called left lateral recumbent position. Right lateral recumbent position is sometimes used as an emergency substitute, but is not technically the recovery position.
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What is "Fowler's position?"
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Fowler's position is a sitting position that you might put a patient in when transporting. The patient can be leaning back to various degrees, and legs can be straight or bent.
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If you were transporting a patient in a seated position, what is the technical term for that position?
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Fowler's position.
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Define "Trendelenburg position."
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A position in which the patient's feet and legs are higher than the head. Also called "shock position."
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Define "Musculoskeletal system."
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The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement.
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Define "Skeleton."
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The bones of the body
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Define "muscle."
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Tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part.
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Define "ligament."
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Tissue that connects bone to bone.
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Define "tendon."
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Tissue that connects muscle to bone.
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Define "skull."
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The bony structure of the head.
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Define "cranium."
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The top, back, and sides of the skull.
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Define "mandible."
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The lower jaw bone.
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Define "maxillae."
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The two fused bones forming the upper jaw.
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Define "nasal bones."
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The nose bones.
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Define "orbits."
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The bony structures around the eyes, i.e. the eye sockets.
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Define "zygomatic arches."
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Bones that form the structure of the cheeks.
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Define "vertebrae."
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The 33 bones of the spinal column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccyx).
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Define "thorax."
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The chest.
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Define "sternum."
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The breastbone.
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Define "manubrium."
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The superior portion of the sternum.
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Define "xiphoid process."
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The inferior portion of the sternum.
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Define "Pelvis."
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The basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities.
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Define "ilium."
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The superior and widest portion of the pelvis (not to be confused with the ileum, a portion of the small intestine).
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Define "ischium."
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The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis.
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Define "pubis."
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The medial anterior portion of the pelvis.
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Define "acetabulum."
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The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits into the hip joint.
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Define "femur."
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The large bone of the thigh -- also the largest bone of the human body.
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Define "patella."
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The kneecap.
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Define "tibia."
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The medial and larger bone of the lower leg.
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Define "fibula."
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The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg.
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Define "malleolus."
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Protrusion on the side of the ankle. The lateral malleolus (fibula) is on the outer ankle, and the medial malleolus (tibia) is seen on the inner ankle.
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Define "tarsals."
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The ankle bones.
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Define "metatarsals."
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The foot bones.
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Define "calcaneus."
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The heel bone.
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Define "phalanges."
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The toe bones and the finger bones.
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Define "clavicle."
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The collarbone.
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Define "scapula."
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The shoulder blade.
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Define "voluntary muscle."
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Voluntary muscle, or skeletal muscle, is muscle that moves the body under conscious control.
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Define "involuntary muscle."
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Involuntary muscle, or smooth muscle, is found in the GI tract, lungs, blood vessels, and urinary system, and is NOT under conscious control. It just works.
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Define "cardiac muscle."
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It's found only in the heart and has its own blood supply from the coronary artery system. It has a property called automaticity.
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What is automaticity?
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Automaticity is a property of cardiac muscle that allows it to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.
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What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
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To move oxygen into the bloodstream through inhalation and pick up carbon dioxide to be excreted through exhalations.
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Define "oropharynx."
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The area directly posterior to the mouth.
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Define "nasopharynx."
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The area directly posterior to the nose.
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Define "pharynx."
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The area including both the oropharynx and nasopharynx, directly posterior to the nose and mouth.
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Define "acromion process."
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The highest portion of the shoulder.
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Define "acromioclavicular joint."
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The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet.
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Define "humerus."
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The bone of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. This is the largest bone of the upper body.
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Define "radius."
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The lateral bone of the forearm (thumb-side).
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Define "ulna."
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The medial bone of the forearm (pinky side).
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Define "carpals."
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The wrist bones.
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Define "metacarpals."
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The hand bones.
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Define "joint."
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The point where two bones come together.
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Define "epiglottis."
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The leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter form entering the trachea.
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Define "larynx."
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The "voice box," between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage. This is where an incision is made to create an emergency airway.
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Define "trachea."
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The "windpipe." The structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs.
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Define "lungs."
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The organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place.
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Define "bronchi."
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The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi. Singular=bronchus.
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Define "alveoli."
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The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.
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Define "diaphragm."
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The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration.
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Define "inhalation."
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An active process in which the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs.
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Define "exhalation."
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A passive process in which the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in the size and air to flow out of the lungs.
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Define "cardiovascular system."
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The system made up of the heart and blood vessels. AKA the circulatory system.
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Define "atria."
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The two upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the body and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
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Define "ventricles."
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The two lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood to the heart via the pulmonary veins, and the left ventricle (the strong one) sends oxygenated blood to the body.
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Define "venae cavae."
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These are the two major veins that return blood to the right atrium. Singular=vena cava.
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What kind of valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
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Tricuspid valve
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Where in the heart will you find a tricuspid valve?
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Between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
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What kind of valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
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Bicuspid valve.
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Where in the heart will you find a bicuspid valve?
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Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
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Define "valve."
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A structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of fluid in only one direction.
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Define "cardiac conduction system."
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A system of specialized muscle tissues which conduct electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat.
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What part of the heart is the "pacemaker" that regulates heartbeat?
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The sinoatrial node -- part of the cardiac conduction system.
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What "node" lies in the right atrium near the right ventricle that coordinates heartbeats?
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The atrioventricular node.
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Define "artery."
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Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
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Define "Coronary arteries."
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Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart, known as myocardium.
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Define "aorta."
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The largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation.
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Define "pulmonary arteries."
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The vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
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Define "carotid arteries."
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The large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.
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Define "femoral artery."
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The major artery supplying blood to the leg.
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Define "brachial artery."
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The artery of the upper arm -- the site of pulse checked during infant CPR.
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Define "radial artery."
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The artery of the lower arm. It is felt when taking the pulse at the wrist.
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Define "posterior tibial artery."
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Artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle.
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Define "dorsal pedis artery."
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Artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.
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Define "arteriole."
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The smallest kind of artery.
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Define "capillary."
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A thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body's cells takes place.
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Define "venule."
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The smallest kind of vein."
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Define "vein."
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Any blood vessel returning blood to the heart.
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Define "pulmonary veins."
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The vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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Why is knowledge of anatomy necessary?
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1) Accurate patient assessment
2) Locating body organs/systems 3) Quality patient care |
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Why is it a good idea to put a patient in shock into Trendelenburg's position?
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To move blood towards the head and vital organs.
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What are the three purposes of the musculoskeletal system?
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1) Give shape to the body
2) Protect vital organs 3) Move the body |
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What bone/bones make up the top, back, and sides of the head?
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Cranium
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What bone/bones give shape to the cheek?
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Zygomatic arch/Zygomatic bone
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What bone/bones house the eyeballs?
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Orbit
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What do you call the three layers inside the skull that protect the brain? They include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
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Meninges
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What portion of the brain lies directly behind the eyes?
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Frontal lobe
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What gland lies behind the nose and helps regulate growth, sex functions, and water balance in the body?
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Pituitary gland
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What's another word for "nasal sinus?"
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Sphenoidal sinus
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What's the pons?
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It's a structure located on the brain stem, situated between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain.
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What's the occipital lobe?
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It's the dorsal part of the brain that contains the visual cortex.
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What is the posterior portion of the brain that is responsible for processing signals from the eyes and giving us vision?
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The occipital lobe.
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What's the cerebellum?
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The cerebellum, seated just posterior to the pons, is responsible for motor control and probably some emotional and cognitive functions.
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What part of the brain is just posterior to the pons, and is largely responsible for motor functions?
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Cerebellum.
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What's the dura mater?
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The dura mater is the outermost of the meninges protecting the brain.
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How many vertebrae make up the spinal column?
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33
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccyx |
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What two parts of the spinal column are made of fused vertebrae to form the back of the pelvic girdle?
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The sacrum and the coccyx
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What are the four major types of bones?
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Irregular, short, flat, long
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What do you call the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet?
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The acromioclavicular joint.
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How many lobes are in the left lung?
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Two
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How many lobes are in the right lung?
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3
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Which lung is bigger than the other?
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The right lung is larger, it has three lobes.
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What is the term for the point at which the trachea splits into the left and right bronchi?
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Carina
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What's the carina?
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It's the point at which the trachea splits to form the left and right bronchi.
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What are considered "adequate breathing rates" for adults, children, and infants?
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Adult: 12-29 breaths per minute
Child: 15-30 breaths per minute Infant: 25-50 breaths per minute |
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What are some ways to identify inadequate breathing?
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Effort, agonal breathing (characterized by pauses punctuated by wheezes -- seen right before death), increased use of accessory muscles, pursed lips, coughing, barking, chest tightness, impaired mentation, numbness, unconsciousness, combativeness
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What major anatomical differences must one consider when dealing with the airway of a child?
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The trachea is much more narrow, the tongue is much larger in comparison, and the cricoid cartilage is undeveloped and soft.
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What are some symptoms of a child with inadequate breathing?
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Seesawing, nasal flaring, diaphragm contracting heavily
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In what order does blood move through the chambers of the heart?
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1) Right atrium
2) Right ventricle 3) Left atrium 4) Left ventricle |
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Which blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow: veins or arteries?
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Veins
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What do red blood cells do?
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1) Give blood its red color
2) Carry oxygen to organs 3) Carry carbon dioxide away from organs |
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What do white blood cells do?
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Provide defense and produce antibodies.
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At which sites might one take a pulse?
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Carotid artery (unconscious patients), femoral artery, radial artery (conscious patients), brachial artery (children), posterior tibial artery (to make sure there's circulation to the leg), dorsalis pedis artery.
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What's systolic blood pressure?
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The pressure exerted when the left ventricle contracts.
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What's diastolic blood pressure?
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The pressure exerted when the left ventricle is relaxed -- passive blood pressure.
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What's perfusion?
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The delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste from cells and tissues by flowing blood.
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What happens during hypoperfusion?
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Oxygen debt, waste buildup, possible cell death.
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What are symptoms of hypoperfusion?
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Cool, pale, clammy, cyanotic skin, weak and rapid pulse, rapid and shallow breathing, nausea, vomitting, anxiety and restlessness
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
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The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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What's the CNS?
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It's the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord. It processes information.
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What's the PNS?
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The peripheral nervous system. This includes the autonomic nervous system. It is made up of sensory nerves and motor nerves.
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What are sensory nerves?
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Nerves that carry signal from nerve endings and receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
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What are motor nerves?
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Nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the body.
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What organs will you find in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
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liver, kidney
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What organs will you find in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?
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liver, kidney, stomach, spleen
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What organs will you find in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?
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Kidney
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What organs will you find in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen?
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Kidney, appendix.
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What are the main roles of the skin?
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To protect the body from the environment and organisms, to regulate body temperature, and to sense changes
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What are the layers of the external sheath of the body?
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Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, muscle fibers
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What's the endocrine system?
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The system that produces and secretes hormones to regulate the body.
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What two hormones are very important in the eyes of the EMT?
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Insulin and epinephrine
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What important function of the hypothalamus must the EMT know about?
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Temperature regulation.
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At what age does the hypothalamus mature?
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4-5 years of age.
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What is the role of the pineal gland?
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The pineal gland creates melatonin and regulates sleep/wake functions and seasonal functions.
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What is the role of the hypothalamus?
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The hypothalamus is thought to play a role in body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles.
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What is the role of the thyroid?
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The thyroid controls how quickly the body uses energy and protein, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
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What is the role of the pancreas?
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It acts as an endocrine gland, producing insulin and other hormones, and also as an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes. It's very important in carbohydrate processing and creation of glycogen.
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What is the role of the adrenal glands?
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The adrenal glands, sitting on top of the kidneys, produce cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine) among other hormones.
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Define "plasma."
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The fluid portion of the blood
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Define "platelets."
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Components of the blood that are integral to clotting.
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Define "pulse."
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The rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries.
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Define "peripheral pulses."
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The radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses.
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Define "central" pulses.
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The carotid and femoral pulses.
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Why is it important to take a carotid pulse before beginning CPR?
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Because beginning chest compressions while the heart is beating -- however weakly -- can be harmful. The pulse is strongest at the carotid artery.
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Define "circulation."
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Movement of blood through the body.
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Define "autonomic nervous system."
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The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor function.
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Define "shock."
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The same as hypoperfusion -- inadequate perfusion of the cells and tissues of the body caused by insufficient flow of blood through capillaries.
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Define "digestive system."
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System by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms.
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Define "stomach."
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The muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins.
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Define "small intestine."
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The muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine that absorbs nutrients through its walls. It includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
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Define "large intestine."
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The muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and removes anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.
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Define "liver."
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The largest internal organ of the body, produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body.
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Define "gallbladder."
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A sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver.
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Define "spleen."
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An organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of the blood.
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Define "appendix."
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A small tube located near the junction of the large and small intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Common source of abdominal pain.
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