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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the most important crops of the Family Poaceae
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The grasses are part of this family
- Wheat - Rice - Corn |
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What are the morphological characteristics of the grasses that were first selected for
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1. select for upper fruit only on a single stem
2. short stem/uniformity- to prevent lodging 3. uniform fruiting time- tiller growth |
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What are the steps for harvesting the grasses
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1. shattering: removal of the grain from the spikelet
2. winnowing: removal of the bracts from the grain 3. threshing: separates the grain from the chaff 4. market |
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What is husking
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Term for the removal of the bran layer of a grain
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What is pearling
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Term for the removal of the germ of a grain
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What are the characteristics of emmer wheat
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Type of wheat resulting from a cross with Einkorn wheat (AA) and a goat grass (BB).
- Grains are covered in clinging bracts and contain a small aleurone layer. - Mostly used for animal feed, especially currently o Not so good for human consumption |
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What are the characteristics of duram wheat
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Type of wheat that is free-threshing and has an increased amount of protein (gluten).
- When mixed with water and cooking/heating to soften it → produced pasta, macaroni, and primitive bread |
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What are the characteristics of bread wheat
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Type of wheat, AABBDD 42n hexaploid, that makes up 90% of the world wheat production.
- Greater tolerance to environmental conditions - More protein than duram wheat, becomes elastic in water, and undergoes fermentation with yeast → bread |
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What are the advancements for wheat production in the United States
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1. Advent of “Turkey” Wheat around 1870’s (from Istanbul)
2. Breeding for ‘Rust’ resistance – Puccinia graminis 3. Advent of the steel roller grain mills |
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What are the types of starch
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Amylose: not branched chain of glucose molecules- “hard” starch (packs tightly)
Amylopectin: highly branched chain of glucose molecules- “soft” starch (packs loosely) |
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What are the characteristics of popcorn
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This type of corn is an old variety, possibly the most primitive, cultivated by the Native Americans
- endosperm usually is soft in the inner most area with hard outside - does not require processing - moisture content prevents long shelf life- ideally between 13-14.5% |
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What are the characteristics of pod corn
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This type of corn may represent some part of an older lineage with larger bracts surrounding grain.
- requires processing - not grown commercially |
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What are the characteristics of flint corn
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This type of corn has wide, flat kernels with hard starch near outer part of kernel.
- grown by Native Americans, mostly in Northern expanse, for food |
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What are the characteristics of flour corn
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This type of corn has more “soft” starch in its endosperm than flint corn
- easier to grind and make a dough out of by mixing with water - grown by Native Americans |
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What are the characteristics of dent corn
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This type of corn has hard starch along sides and soft starch at the top and in the middle of the kernel.
- has mostly replaced flint and flour corn - current use as animal feed, corn starch, and corn meal |
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What are the characteristics of sweet corn
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This type of corn is a hybrid of dent & flint corns that produces more sugar (mostly shorter starch molecules) from the endosperm
- current use for human consumption |
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What are the characteristics of waxy corn
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This type of corn is from China and only contains amylopectin in its endosperm
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What are the most common types of rice
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Oryza sativa- long grain, main species cultivated
Oryza indica- long grains, do not stick together when cooked Oryza japonica- short grains, sticky when cooked Oryza javanica- large grains |
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What are some vegetables of the species Brassica oleracea
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- cabbage
- brussel sprouts - cauliflower - broccoli are all products of the species |
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What is the family Solanum tuberosum, the Potato, belongs to
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Solanaceae Family
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What is the family Manihot esculenta, Cassava, belongs to
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The Euphorbiaceae Family
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What is the family Ipomoea batatas, Sweet Potatoes, belongs to
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The Convolvulaceae Family
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What are characteristics of sweet potatoes
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This is a dicot storage root vegetable
- Central America ~10,000 |
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What are characteristics of cassava
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This is a perennial shrub vegetable known for large storage leaves.
- very short shelf life - from Central America (Brazil) - Used for mainly for tapioca in the U.S. - Large staple in Africa and Central Asia |
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What are characteristics of potatoes
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This is an annual vegetable high in starch
- Andes (Peru) - Later successfully bred for multiple climates |