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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Order of soils from smallest to biggest |
Clay < 0.002 mm Silt 0.002 <--> 0.05mm Sand > 0.05 |
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Smaller particle soils hold water better or worse? Why? |
Better, because there is less space between particles for gravity to pull water down |
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Properties of soil |
Color, Texture, Moisture |
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Is intraspecific or interspecific competition stronger? Why? |
Interspecific competition is stronger because same species have the same niche width. |
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What is GPP? Where does it come from? |
Gross primary production, total amount of chemical energy obtained from light per unit time. Occurs through photosynthesis |
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What is NPP? How do you calculate it? |
Net Primary Production. The energy left over after use of energy for cellular respiration and maintenance of existing tissues. NPP = GPP - respiration [by plants] |
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What is AET? |
Actual evapotranspiration. the process by which water in transferred to the atmosphere from evaporation in soil and other surfaces and transpiration from plants. Evaporation + Transpiration |
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What is transpiration? |
Water from soil -> plants -> atmosphere |
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What is trophic efficiency, how do you calculate it? |
Trophic efficiency is efficiency with energy transferred from one trophic level to the next. Trophic level efficiency = Energy available at next level / energy available at one level. =input/output |
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What is the Rule of thumb/ Ten percent rule with energy flow? |
Due to the system being imperfect, Output > input. around 10% of the input will be the output to the next level. 1000 Joules -> 100 Joules -> 10 Joules -> 1 Joule |
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How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to energy flow between trophic levels? |
organisms lose heat with each trophic level while producing their output to the next level |
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What is Nitrogen fixation? |
The process by which Nitrogen NO2 in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia NH3. |
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What are the two steps of nitrification? |
Nitrification begins with the oxidization of ammonia to nitrite, then is followed by oxidization of nitrite to nitrate. |
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What is denitrification? |
The process of nitrate reduction, that ultimately produces Nitrogen N2. Completes the Nitrogen cycle. |
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What are the two forms of Advantageous Resemblance? |
Crypsis and mimicry |
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What are two defenses against predation? |
advantageous resemblance and aposematic coloration |
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What is Crypsis? Give an example. |
Matches background, looks inedible. stick bug |
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What is mimicry? |
Resemblance to a non-related species living in the area. |
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What are the two types of mimicry? Define them |
Batesian mimicry: creature resembles a non edible version of a closely related species. Mullerian mimicry: Unpalatable species resemble one another |
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What is aposematic coloration? |
Bright colors warn of consequences to predators. Warning coloration |
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What will happen to N1 if species 2 is absent? (N2 = 0) |
N1 will K1 (will increase to carrying capacity |
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What are the four possible outcomes of the competition equations? |
Species 1 succeeds over species 2, species 2 succeeds over species 1, unstable equilibrium in which species most abundant at outset usually succeeds, and finally stable equilibrium where both coexist at lower rate than if they were alone. |
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Why are predator-prey models unrealistic? |
Prey populations are limited by food resources and not just predation. No predator can eat infinite number of prey. |
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What is true predation? |
Encounters few prey, kills soon after capture |
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what is grazing? |
encounters many prey, few are killed. (sheep eating grass) |
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What is parasitism and disease? |
Encounters few prey, kill long after capture |
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What are effects of competition on both species? |
both negative (-) (-) |
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What are effects of mutualism on both species? |
(+) (+) both positive |
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What are effects of predation on both species? |
(+) (-) |