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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
HIstorically what substances hav e been used
|
amanita mushrooms, belladonna,
marijuana, and peyote |
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In the 20th century where are psychedelics used and what are they
|
Americas
and Africa, substances such as peyote, psilocybin, yage, morning glory seeds, etc. |
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what psychedelic's use has recently increased
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LSD, MDMA, and psychedelic mushrooms
|
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what are the main classes of psychedelics
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Indole psychedelics, Phenylalkylamines, Anticholinergics, Others, Canniboids
|
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HIstorically what substances hav e been used
|
amanita mushrooms, belladonna,
marijuana, and peyote |
|
In the 20th century where are psychedelics used and what are they
|
Americas
and Africa, substances such as peyote, psilocybin, yage, morning glory seeds, etc. |
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Indole psychedelics
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(LSD, psilocybin)
|
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what psychedelic's use has recently increased
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LSD, MDMA, and psychedelic mushrooms
|
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Phenylalkylamines
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(mescaline, "ecstasy")
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what are the main classes of psychedelics
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Indole psychedelics, Phenylalkylamines, Anticholinergics, Others, Canniboids
|
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Anticholinergics
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(belladonna
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Others
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(Ketamine, PCP, etc.)
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Indole psychedelics
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(LSD, psilocybin)
|
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Phenylalkylamines
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(mescaline, "ecstasy")
|
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Problems in diagnosing?
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lack of scientific documentation
of effects because of the illegal status of psychedelics, the lack of standard doses, contamination or misrepresentation. |
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Anticholinergics
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(belladonna
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how do psychedelics work?
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alter the functioning of numerous neurotransmitter systems
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Others
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(Ketamine, PCP, etc.)
|
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Problems in diagnosing?
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lack of scientific documentation
of effects because of the illegal status of psychedelics, the lack of standard doses, contamination or misrepresentation. |
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how do psychedelics work?
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alter the functioning of numerous neurotransmitter systems
|
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how do the effects vary>
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depend on the size
of the dose, past experience with the drug, emotional makeup, mood, and surroundings. |
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Physical effects
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include increased pulse rate, blood pressure, sweating,
nausea, and sensitivity to sensory stimulation. |
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Emotional/mental effects
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include illusions (mistaken perceptions), delusions
(mistaken ideas or beliefs) and hallucinations (sensory experiences not related to reality). |
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LSD
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(Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
|
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who was first to find lsd
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Dr. Albert Hoffman 1943
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who popularized lsd?
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Dr. Timothy Leary in the '60's ("Tune in, turn on, drop
out") |
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When was LSD made illegal
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February 1, 1966 under Federal Drug Abuse Control
Amendments |
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where is most lsd still manufactured?
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San francisco
|
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what is the national annual consumption of lsd
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11 pounds
|
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how much does each hit contain
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10 to 50 μg (micrograms or mics).
|
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lower doses (30-50 micrograms)
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act
more as a stimulant with mild euphoria (laughter and giddiness). |
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Larger doses of 150-300 micrograms
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produce true hallucinations
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how does lsd work
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stimulates a specific subset of serotonin receptors, the 5HT2A
receptors. |
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how long does lsd take to work and how long does it last for
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Effects begin 15 to 60 min after ingestion, peak at 2 to 4 hrs, and last 6 to
8 hrs. |
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Physical effects of lsd
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include rises in heart rate, blood pressure, and body
temperature and dilated pupils. |
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Mental effects of lsd
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Sensory distortion including synesthesia (mixing of the senses)
b. Dreaminess, depersonalization c. Altered mood, impaired concentration d. Difficulty in expressing oneself e. Loss of judgment; diminishment of self-preservation instincts |
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Bad trips (acute anxiety reactions)
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usually occur with new users who don't
know what it expect or experienced users who take too large a dose. Reactions include anxiety, fear, and paranoia. |
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Mental illness and LSD
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Proponents of its use in psychotherapy claim that LSD-induced insights
can provide a shortcut through extended psychotherapy. |
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Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder
(HPPD) |
is the long-term intermittent experience of visual and perceptual
disturbances long after LSD has been is gone from the body. |
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Magic mushrooms
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(psilocybin and psilocin)
|
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how are mushrooms used
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ceremonially in Pre-Columbian America and are
still used today. |
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what article introduced mushrooms into america
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Life Magazine article “Seeking the Magic Mushroom” in 1957
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how many species of mushrooms are there
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75
|
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what are dosage
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Doses of 10 mg to 60 mg produce sensory distortions that
can last for 3 to 6 hours. |
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what are the effects
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initially nausea then changes in visceral sensations,
changes in sight, hearing, taste, and touch and altered states of consciousness, sensations similar to LSD but with less disassociation and panic. |
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Ibogaine
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is produced by the African Tabernanthe iboga shrub.
|
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Morning glory seeds
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(ololiuqui) contain a mild LSD-like substance, but
several hundred seeds are needed to obtain an effect. Today the seeds are dipped in a toxic substance when sold commercially |
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DMT
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(dimethyltryptamine)
|
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Yage
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is psychedelic drink made from an Amazonian vine. It produces a
dreamlike state lasting up to 10 hrs. |
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Phenylalkylamine Psychedelics
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This class is chemically related to adrenalin and amphetamines, and their
effects take longer to appear then LSD or other indole psychedelics. |
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Mescaline
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is the active component of Peyote and San Pedro cacti
|
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what north american tribes still use mescaline
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comanche and kiowa and ute
|
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effects of mescaline
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Seven to eight buttons is average dose
b. Effects last twelve hours and are similar to LSD. Very colorful visions and hallucinations are common. c. Each use is accompanied by severe vomiting. |
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Designer psychedelics
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MDA, MDMA
|
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what are the classes of designer psychedeclis come from
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variants of the amphetamine molecule.
They produce feelings of well-being, euphoria and stimulatory effects. Over 150 have been synthesized to date. |
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MDA
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(methylene-dioxyamphetamine
|
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MDMA
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3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (street name "ecstasy") has
been manufactured illegally since it was banned as a Schedule I drug in 1988. |
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When it was legal the manufacturer sold
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50,000
|
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Physical effects
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Stimulant effects resemble those of amphetamines and begin in about 30
minutes. Higher doses increase the physical effects. 1. increased heart rate and respiration 2. sweating 3. hyperactivity 4. bruxism (clenching of the teeth) As users become tolerant to the mental effects, they begin taking higher doses. High doses lead to more serious problems: malignant hyperthermia, water toxicity, seizure activity. |
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Mental effects
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Effects last 3 to 4 hours and include feelings of happiness, increased empathy,
more self-awareness, heightened self-esteem, clarity, and mild distortions of perception, but no illusions or hallucinations. |
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how does mdma work
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causes a massive release of serotonin from pre-synaptic
vesicles. After serotonin supplies are depleted, taking more ecstasy produces limited mental effects. It can take a week to restore serotonin levels to normal and users report feelings of depression and confusion the day after use. |
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Neurotoxicity
|
Experiments in rats and monkeys have shown damage to the axon terminals of
serotonergic neurons after high dosages and the damage remained for 12 to 18 months. |
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Anti-cholinergic Psychedelics
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Belladonna, henbane, mandrake, datura
|
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Anti-cholinergic Psychedelics Work by
|
blocking acetylcholine receptors
|
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Other Psychedelics
|
Ketamine Phencyclidine
|
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Effects
|
Toxic effects are frequent and severe
b. Mental effects include sensory deprivation and "mind-body" separation c. Can also induce stimulation (low dose), depression, high blood pressure, combative behavior (moderate dose), catatonia, coma, convulsions (high dose) Does not impart super human strength, but does reduce response to painful stimuli and users fight violently because their paranoid state leads them to believe people want to kill |
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Salvia Divinorum
|
It is a member of the sage family and has been used for centuries by medicine men
of the Sierra Madre in northeastern Mexico. 2. Active ingredient is salvinorum A. 3. Hallucinogenic effects last 7 to 10 minutes when smoked |
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Cannabinols
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Marijuana
|
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Pharmacology of Marijuana
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360 different chemicals have been identified, 30 of which have
psychoactive effects. Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most potent. |
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Recent research has identified two receptor subtypes
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CB1 receptors are found
9 mostly in the brain in areas that regulate short term memory (hippocampus), one’s sense of novelty (amygdala), and the sensory appeal of food (hypothalamus). CB2 receptors are found in the immune system. |
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sinsemilla
|
(without seeds) growing technique, increases the THC content since
unfertilized female buds produce more resin. Male plants are removed from growing |
|
In India leaves, stems, and flowers are used to produce different potencies
|
Bhang is made from leaves and stems with lowest potency
Ganja is made from stronger leaves and flowering tops Hashish is made from the resin and is the richest in THC |
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Synthetic THC in a pill
|
Marinol
|
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Physical Effects
|
Sedation, bloodshot eyes, increase in appetite, increase in heart rate, loss of
muscular coordination and decreased tracking ability. |
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Mental effects
|
In moderate doses it produces a sense of detachment from the environment, feelings
of déjà vu, giddiness, and increased alertness. These feelings are often followed by quiet introspection, hunger, and sedation. b. Very strong doses can produce feelings of movement under the feet, visual illusions, sensory distortion, and feelings of paranoia. c. Effects are very dependent on mood and surroundings. Marijuana exaggerates the emotional state of the user. d. A loss of a sense of time can make repetitive jobs go by faster |
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Marijuana and Learning
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Slows learning and disrupts concentration.
b. Impairs short-term memory; no effect on long-term memory. c. Can delay or impede emotional development since users avoid solving life problems and become “stoned” to counteract emotional pain. d. Called "the mirror that magnifies" because it exaggerates natural or habitual tendencies in the user, such as not really wanting to study |
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Tolerance and withdrawal
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Tolerance increases rapidly
b. Chronic users experience withdrawal symptoms but the onset is delayed for 3 to 7 days. Symptoms include craving, irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite and inability to concentrate. |