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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the central dogma? |
DNA to RNA to Protein. |
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What is Chargaff's rule? |
That the bases in DNA of any organism should have a 1:1 ratio of purines and pyramidines. So the amount go Guanine should equal to Cytosine and the amount of Adenine equal to Thymine. |
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What base is present in RNA but not in DNA? |
Uracil. |
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What is transcription and where in the cell does this process occur? |
The copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA. It occurs in the nucleus. |
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What are the initiation, elongation and termination steps to transcription? |
Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter on the anti-sense strand and begins building on mRNA. Elongation - RNA polymerase adds one nucleotide at a time as DNA splits open and zips back up after it is transcribed. Termination - RNA reaches terminator and detaches from gene and mRNA. |
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What is an advantage of using RNA polymerase rather than DNA polymerase? |
RNA polymerase can start without a primer. |
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What is translation and where in the cell does it occur? |
The making of a polypeptide using the genetic code found in mRNA. It is made in ribosomes in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
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What is the start codon to begin translation? |
AUG.
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What are the stop codons to finish translation? |
UAA, UAG, UGA. |
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What is the elongation step to translation? |
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What are the 4 mutations that mainly occur in DNA? |
Degeneracy Nonsense Silent Frameshift |
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What is frameshift mutation? |
One nucleotide deletion changing a large section of protein sequence. |
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What is nonsense mutation? |
DNA substitution resulting in shortened proteins. |
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What is degeneracy mutation? |
Amino acids changed less frequently than others by DNA mutation. |
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What is silent mutation. |
Mutations that have no effect on the sequence. |
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Why can't DNA be represented as conservative? |
In the Messelson-Stahl experiment, N14 and N15 were used and it was discovered that after one replication, all of the DNA converted to a hybrid of N15 and N14. |
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Why can't DNA be dispersive? |
The parent DNA becomes small as with new generations. If it was dispersive, it would be the same amount after new generations. |
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What is DNA polymerase? |
An enzyme that helps put together the nucleotides of a DNA molecule. |
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What is RNA primase? |
An enzyme that synthesises a prime for replication to begin. |
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Which direction can DNA polymerase only work in? |
3' to 5'. |
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What are Okazaki fragments? |
Short pieces of daughter DNA made on lagging strand by DNA polymerase. |
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What is DNA ligase? |
Enzyme that binds adjacent Okasaki fragments. |
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What sugar is RNA capped by? |
Guanine. |
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What are introns? |
Non-coding, intervening sequences. |
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What are extrons? |
Coding sequences. |
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What process remove introns? |
Splicing. |