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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The mental processes that enable us to retain and use information over time.
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memory
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The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.
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encoding
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The process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
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storage
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The process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
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retrieval
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A model describing memory as consisting of three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
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stage model of memory
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The stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
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sensory memory
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The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to about 20 seconds.
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short-term memory
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The stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information.
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long-term memory
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The mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory.
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maintenance rehearsal
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Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.
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chunking
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Short-term memory system involved in the temporary storage and active manipulation of information; in Baddeley's model, includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and cortical executive components.
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working memory
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Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it into long-term memory.
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elaborative rehearsal
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Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.
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procedural memory
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Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
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episodic memory
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Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts.
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semantic memory
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Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory.
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explicit memory
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Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected; also called nondeclarative memory.
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implicit memory
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Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory.
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clustering
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A model that describes units of information in long term memory as being organized into a complex network of associations.
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semantic-network model
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The process of accessing stored information.
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retrieval
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A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory.
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retrieval cue
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The inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues.
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retrieval cue failure
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A memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific memory is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it.
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tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience
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A test of long term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid or retrieval cues; also called free recall.
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recall
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A test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
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cued recall
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The tendency to remember items at the beginning and the end of a list better than items in the middle.
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serial position effect
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The principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful.
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encoding specificity principle
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The tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information.
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context effect
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An encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that given mood.
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mood congruence
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The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.
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flashbulb memory
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The inability to recall information that was previously available.
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forgetting
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The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.
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encoding failure
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Remembering to do something in the future.
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prospective memory
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A brief but intense feeling of remembering a scene or an event that is actually being experienced for the first time; French for "already seen".
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deja vu
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Memory for when, where and how a particular piece of information was aquired.
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source memory or source monitoring
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The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another.
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interference theory
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Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference.
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retroactive interference
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Forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward acting memory interference.
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proactive interference
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Motivated forgetting that occurs conciously.
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suppression
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Motivated forgetting that occurs unconciously.
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repression
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A memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's exsisting memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information.
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misinformation effect
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A memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
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source confusion
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A disstorted or fabricated recollection of somthing that did not actually occur.
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false memory
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An organized cluster of information on a particular topic.
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schema
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A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.
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script
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A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occured.
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imagination inflation
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The brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.
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memory trace
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A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons.
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long-term potentiation
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Severe memory loss.
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amnesia
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Loss of memory, especially for episodic information; backward acting amnesia.
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retrograde amnesia
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The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring long-term memory codes.
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memory consolidation
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Loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward acting amnesia.
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anterograde amnesia
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Progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occuring as the result of a disease or malfunction.
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dementia
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A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking , language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common form of dementia.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD)
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A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices.
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recognition
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The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic process that occur in the brain over time.
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decay theory
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American neuropsychologist who has extensively investigated the neural basis of memory, including several investigations of the famous amnesia patient H.M.
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Suzanne Corkin
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German psychologist who originated the scientific study of forgetting; plotted the first forgetting curve, which describes the basic pattern of forgetting learned information over time.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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American neurobiologist, born in Austria, who won a Nobel peace prize in 2000 for his work on the neural basis of learning and memory in the sea snail Aplysia
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Eric Kandel
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American physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain location of particular memories.
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Karl Lashley
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American psychologist who has conducted extensive research on the memory distortions that can occur in eyewitness testimony.
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Elisabeth F. Loftus
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Canadian neuropsychologist whose groundbreaking research on the role of brain structures and functions in cognitive process helped establish neuropsychology as a field; extensively studied the famous amnesia patient H.M.
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Brenda Milner
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American psychologist who identified the duration of visual sensory memory in a series of classic experiments.
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George Sperling
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American psychologist and neuroscientist who has conducted extensive research on the neurobiological foundations of learning and memory.
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Richard F. Thompson
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