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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
amylase
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enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
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amino acids
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small substances that are the building blocks of proteins and are produced when proteins are digested.
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appendix
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blind pouch hanging from the first part of the colon (cecum).
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bile
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digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
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bilirubin
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pigment released by the liver in bile, produced by the destruction of hemoglobin.
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bowel
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intestine
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cecum
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first part of the large intestine.
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colon
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large intestine: cecum, ascending, transverse, descending colon, and rectum.
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common bile duct
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carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.
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deglutition
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swallowing
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dentin
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major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
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digestion
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breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
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duodenum
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first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10 (duodenum is 12 inches in length).
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emulsification
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physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules (increases the surface are that enzymes can be used to digest the fat)
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enamel
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hard, outermost layer of a tooth.
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enzyme
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a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.
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fatty acids
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substances produced when fats are digested.
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feces
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solid wastes (stools)
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gallbladder
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small sac under the liver
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glycogen
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starch. glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
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hydrochloric acid
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substance produced by the stomach necessary for digestion of food.
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ileum
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third part of the small intestine, from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted,
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incisor
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one of four front teeth in the dental arch.
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insulin
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hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. Transports sugar into cells from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
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jejunum
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second part of the small intestine.
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lipase
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pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
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liver
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secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, and destroys worn-out red blood cells. Normally weighs about 2.5-3 pounds.
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lower esophageal sphincter
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ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
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cardiac sphincter
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another name for the lower esophageal sphincter.
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mastication
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chewing
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palate
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roof of the mouth.
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pancreas
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organ under the stomach which produces insulin and enzymes
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papillae (singular: papilla)
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small elevation on the tongue. Any nipple-like elevation.
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parotid gland
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salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
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peristalsis
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rhythm-like contraction of the tubes of the GI tract and other tubular structures.
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pharynx
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throat (common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose)
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portal vein
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large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
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proteases
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enzymes that digest protein.
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pulp
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soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
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pyloric sphincter
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ring of muscle at the distal region of the stomach where it joins the duodenum.
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rectum
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last section of the colon.
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rugae
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ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
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salivary glands
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parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
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sigmoid colon
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lower part of the colon
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sphincter
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ring of muscles within a tube.
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stomach
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divided into the fundus, body, and antrum (distal portion).
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triglycerides
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large fat molecules composed of three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol.
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uvula
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soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.
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villi (singular: villus)
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microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
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anorexia
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lack of appetite
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ascites
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
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borborygmus
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rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
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hematochezia
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bright, fresh, red blood discharged from the rectum, associated with rapid bleeding
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steatorrhea
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fat in feces.
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aphthous stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers.
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canker sore
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aphthous stomatitis.
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odynophagia
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painful swallowing.
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dental caries
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tooth decay
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herpetic stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus. Commonly called fever blisters or cold sores.
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oral leukoplakia
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white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
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periodontal disease
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inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
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pyorrhea
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periodontal disease
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achalasia
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failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
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anal fistula
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abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
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colonic polyposis
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polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
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pedunculated polyposis
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polyps attached to the membrane by a stalk or peduncle
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colorectal cancer
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adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.
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Crohn disease
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Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, most often the terminal ileum and colon.
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diverticula (singular: diverticulum)
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abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
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dysentery
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painful, inflamed intestines, causing colitis, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
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esophageal varices
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swollen, tortuous veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach, often caused by portal vein hypertension.
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gastric carcinoma
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malignant tumor of the stomach, often associated with chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection.
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ileus
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failure of peristalsis.
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paralytic ileus
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acute, transient paralysis of peristalsis commonly caused by surgical, traumatic, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum.
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intussusception
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telescoping of the intestines.
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peptic ulcer
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gastric or duodenal ulcer.
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers.
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volvulus
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twisting of the intestine upon itself.
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gallstones (cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis)
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crystallization of cholesterol and other materials to form stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
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calculi
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gallstones.
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ALT (alanine transaminase)
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SGPT. Reveal levels of enzymes (transaminases) in the blood serum. High levels especially indicative of acute damage to liver cells (hepatitis).
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AST (aspartate transaminase)
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SGOT. High levels may indicate levels of transaminases showing damage to liver cells and/or muscle tissue, such as with myocardial infarction.
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alkaline phosphatase (alk phos)
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increased level found in liver disease, cancer, etc.
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serum bilirubin
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high levels associated with jaundice.
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direct bilirubin
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measures conjugated bilirubin.
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indirect bilirubin
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measures unconjugated bilirubin (not yet combined in the liver). May be seen in newborns and hepatic disease.
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stool culture
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feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms that are abnormally present or are present in large numbers.
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Hemoccult test (stool guaiac)
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2 terms for a test to determine the presence of blood in the stool.
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lower gastrointestinal series
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radiologists inject barium sulfate by enema into the rectum and take x-rays.
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upper gastrointestinal series
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barium sulfate is swallowed and x-rays are taken of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
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small-bowel follow-through
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shows sequential x-ray pictures of the small intestine as barium passes through.
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cholangiography
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X-ray images are taken after injecting contrast material into bile ducts allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or ERCP
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inserting a catheter retrograde into the biliary system, allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.
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computed tomography
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circular array of x-ray beams produces a cross-sectional image based upon differences in tissue densities. Contrast material may be used.
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abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound or sonography)
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sound waves are beamed into the abdomen and a record is made of the echoes as they bounce off abdominal viscera. Especially useful for examination of fluid-filled structures such as the gallbladder.
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sessile polyposis
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polyps attached directly on the mucous membrane.
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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contrast material is injected by putting a needle through the abdominal wall into the liver allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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patient is subjected to a strong magnetic field, and images are produced from subtle differences in tissue composition. Images in all three planes are possible and cross-sectional images are particularly helpful to show abdominal structures.
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ALP
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alkaline phosphatase
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ALT
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alanine transaminase (enzyme test of liver function)
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AST
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aspartate transaminase (enzyme test of liver function)
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BE
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barium enema
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BRBPR
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bright red blood per rectum
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BM
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bowel movement
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CT scan
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computed tomography
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SGD
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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GB
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gallbladder
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GERD
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
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GI
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gastrointestinal
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HBV
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hepatitis B virus
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IBD
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inflammatory bowel disease
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LFTs
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liver function tests
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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NG
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tube
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NPO
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nothing by mouth
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PEG
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tube
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PEJ
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tube (percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube (feeding tube)
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PUD
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peptic ulcer disease
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SGOT, SGPT
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enzyme tests of liver function
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TPN
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total parenteral nutrition – an IV solution containing sugar (dextrose), proteins (amino acids), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), and vitamins.
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excessive eating
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polyphagia
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difficult digestion
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dyspepsia
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biliary ducts are not open (congenital defect)
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biliary atresia
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stoppage of bile flow
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cholestasis
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esophagus is closed off at birth
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esophageal atresia
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pain caused by swallowing
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odynophagia
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removal of the gallbladder
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cholecystectomy
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large bowel resection
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colectomy
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suture of a weakened muscular wall (hernia)
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herniorrhaphy
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new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body
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cecostomy
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incision of a ring of muscles
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sphincterectomy
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new surgical connection between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine
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gastroduodenal anastomosis
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opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body
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ileostomy
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removal of gum tissue
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gingivectomy
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new surgical connection between the gallbladder and the second part of the small intestine
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cholecystojejunostomy
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surgical puncture of the abdomen for withdrawal of fluid
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paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
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removal of the rectum and sigmoid colon
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rectosigmoidectomy
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choledochal
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pertaining to the common bile duct
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blood vessel bringing blood to the abdomen
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celiac artery
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enzyme to digest fat
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lipase
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abnormal condition of lips
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cheilosis
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the part of the throat near the mouth
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oropharynx
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breakdown of sugar
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glycolysis
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pertaining to tongue and throat
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glossopharyngeal
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membrane surrounding a tooth
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periodontal membrane
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measurement of bile pigment in the blood
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serum bilirubin
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feces are placed in a growth medium for bacterial analysis
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stool culture
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x-ray examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract
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barium enema
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sound waves are used to image abdominal organs
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abdominal ultrasonography
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test to reveal hidden blood in feces
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stool guaiac (Hemoccult)
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upper gastrointestinal x-rays
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barium swallow
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contrast material is injected through the liver and x-rays are taken of bile vessels
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach
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nasogastric intubation
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transverse x-ray pictures of the abdominal organs
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CT scan of abdomen
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contrast material is injected through an endoscope, and x-ray images of the pancreas and bile ducts are taken
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic examination
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liver biopsy
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