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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth into the ___ before reaching the esophagus
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Pharynx
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List Some functions of the oral cavity
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Respiration, speech, and ingestion
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List, in order, the segments of the small intestine
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Duodenum > Jejunem > Ileum
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Name the term that means pertaining to the liver
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Hepatic
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Name the liver function that contributes to the process of digestion
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Secretion of Bile
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The portion of the tooth that is exposed from the gum, that you can see is known as the ___ of the tooth
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Crown
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The ___ of a tooth is the hard noncellular secretion that covers the crown and the neck
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Enamel
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match the pancreatic enzyme with its substrate
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Deoxyribonuclease: Dna
Amlyase : Starch lipase: Fats Ribonuclease: RNA Trypsin: Proteins |
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List the purposes for small intestinal muscle contractions:
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Increase contact of chyme with intestinal lining, mixing of chyme with secretions, and propel contents along intestines
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___ and ___ are absorbed into blood. ___ are absorbed into lymph.
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Protein and carbohydrates; Lipids
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The __ cells are mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine
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goblet
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List in order the passage of bile from its point of secretion in the liver to the duodenum
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Bile canaliculi, bile dectules, hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, and bile duct
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Name the three phases of gastric regulation
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Cephalic phase. Gastric phase. Intestinal phase.
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List the pancreatic enzymes that digest protein
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Carboxypeptidase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin
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of the four tissue layers forming the wall of the alimentary canal, the layer indicated in the figure is the
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mucosa
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The ___ ___ does not secrete digestive enzymes, but does absorb water and electrolytes
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large intestine
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As a group, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are ___ salivary glands
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extrinsic
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The ___ is an accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland
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pancreas
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Name the pancreatic secretion that is needed to neutralize the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum
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Sodium Bicarbonate
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The selective intake of food is known as ______.
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ingestion
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Describe the functions of the large intestine
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No digestion; water and electrolyte absorption
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Name the process of forcefully ejecting stomach or intestinal contents via the esophagus and mouth
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vomiting
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The enzyme ____ _____ begins starch digestion in the mouth
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salivary amylase
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Proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed into _____. Lipids are absorbed into ______.
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blood; lymph
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List some components of bile
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bile acids, phospholipids, bile pigments, cholesterol
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match the protease with its action
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Aminopeptidase: removes amino acids from the -NH2 end of amino acid chain
Carboxypeptidase: removes amino acids from the COOH end of amino acid chain Dipeptidase: Spilts a chain of two amino acids Pepsin: protein digestion in stomach |
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The ___ is sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile
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gallbladder
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Describe Bilirubin
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A bile pigment
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_____ functions to moisten the mouth, digest a little starch and fat, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds, moisten food and bind particles together to aid in swallowing
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Saliva
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The ___ and ___ work together to retain food and push it between the teeth for chewing. They are also essential for speech, sucking, and blowing actions
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lips and cheeks
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The semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as ____
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chyme
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Of the four tissue layers forming the alimentary canal, the innermost tissue layer is called the:
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Mucosa
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List the blood vessels that carry blood to the liver
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Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
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___ is the enzyme that digests lipids. It has lingual, gastric and pancreatic forms.
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Lipase
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Name the process by which large drops of fats are broken apart into smaller fat droplets
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emulsification
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List the components of intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal crypts
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mucus and water
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Gastric activity is moderated by the activity of the duodenum during ___ phase of gastric function
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intestinal
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Name the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach
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Peristalsis
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The hormone produced by enteroendocrine G cells that stimulates stomach HCL and enzyme activity is called :
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Gastrin
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List the substances absorbed from the stomach
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Aspirin and lipid soluble drugs
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The tongue muscles that originate outside of the tongue but act upon it are called ____ muscles
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Extrinsic
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The posterior third of the tongue known as the __ of the tongue
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root
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Enzymes that are secreted as inactive proteins are known as ____
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Zymogens
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Name the function of pepsin
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Protein digestion in stomach
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List some of the functions of stomach acid
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Activate pepsin and lingual lipase
Destroy Pathogens Denature proteins in food |
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The stimulus for __ reflex is stretching of the rectum
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defecation
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Of the two anal sphincters, the __ anal sphincter is under voluntary control and the ___ is under involuntary control
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External; Internal
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Water is absorbed through the process of ____ , following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients
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osmosis
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match the gastric cell types with their function
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Parietal cells: Secrete hydrochloric acid
Enteroendocrine cells: Secretes paracrine compounds Chief Cells: secrete pepsinogen Mucous cells: Secrete mucus |
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The hormone __ is released in response to fats in the small intestine and has the effect of stimulating gallbladder contraction (discharging the bile needed to digest the fats)
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cholecystokinin
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The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in:
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sodium bicarbonate
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The hormone ___ is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme
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Secretin
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The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called
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Gastroenterology
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Describe chemical digestion in the stomach
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Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach
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The classes of nutrients called ___ and ___ are absorbed without being digested
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Vitamins and minerals
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Name the classes of nutrients that are absorbed without being digested
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Vitamins and minerals
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The ____ ____ of the ventral mesentery extends from the stomach to the liver
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lesser omentum
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Describe the source of secretin and cholecystokinin
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Duodenal enteroendocrine cells
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Gastric secretion in response to the sight, smell, taste or thought of food occurs during the ___ phase of gastric function
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Cephalic
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The stomach receives ____ stimulation via the vagus nerve. This innervation stimulates stomach function
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parasympathetic
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An enzyme called gastric lipase digests ____ in the stomach of infants
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fats
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bacterial flora refers to the many species of bacteria residing in our ____.
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large intestine
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State the term used to specify the part of the large intestine that excludes the cecum, rectum, and anal canal
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Colon
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The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric region is known as the _____
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body
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The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract is known as _____
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peristalsis
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Describe the uvula
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Projection from posterior margin of soft palate
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Name the function of the bile components lecithin and bile acids
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Fat Digestion
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The enzymes that hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides are called _____
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Nucleases
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Define Retroperitoneal
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located outside the peritoneal cavity
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The term bacterial ____ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine
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flora
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State another name for the process of chewing
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mastication
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list the pancreatic zymogens
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Chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and trypsinogen
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Describe the mesocolon
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Mesentery suspending the transverse colon
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List some secretions from enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands
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gastrin, histamine, and somatostatin
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Describe the enterogastric reflex
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Signals from the intestine regulate stomach function
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Which are components of gastric juice?
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Hydrochloric acid, water, lipase, and pepsin
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The fringe of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell which serves to increase surface area for absorption is also known as the ____ ____
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Brush Border
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Describe the type of motility called segmentation
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Non-migrating constriction at several places along intestine
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List examples of processes involving digestion
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Mechanical breakdown of food, chemical breakdown of food, and HCL mixing with bolus of food
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The filling of the stomach initiates motility of the colon via the ___ reflex
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gastrocolic
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Name the pancreatic secretion that is needed to neutralize the acid in the chyme arriving in the duodenum
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Sodium Bicarbonate
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The ___ of the pancreas secrete sodium bicarbonate, while the ____ of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes
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Duct Cells; acinar cells
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The ____ nuclei of the brainstem receives signals from tactile, pressure, and taste receptors in the mouth that are stimulated by food
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Salivatory
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List the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach
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longitudinal, oblique, and circular
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short(myenteric) reflexes involve the ____ nerve plexus of the enteric nervous system
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myenteric
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List example of hormones produced by the digestive tract
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secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin
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muscular contractions called ____ involve alternating ring like constrictions at several places along the intestine
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segmentation
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The ___ gland is located just beneath the skin anterior to the earlobe
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parotid
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Absorption of iron requires the transport proteins called:
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Transferrin
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The nutrients ____ and ____ are partially digested by chemicals in the stomach
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Triglycerides
Protein |
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the layer of the digestive tract wall outer layer
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muscularis externa
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The hormone ___ has a strong stimulatory effect on the gallbladder
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cholecystokinin
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List the mechanisms that protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment
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tight junctions between epithelial cells, mucous coat, epithelial cell replacement
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The portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric region is known as the ____
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Body
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Describe the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract
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Involves vagus nerve and brainstem
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List mechanisms for absorption for monosaccharides
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Facilitated diffusion, sodium-glucose transporters, and solvent drag
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The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the
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Cecum
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describe function of intrinsic factor
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Transport and absorption of vitamin b12
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List examples of how the digestive system mechanically digests materials
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churning of stomach, segmentation, and chewing
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The muscular band that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the ___ Sphincter
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Pyloric
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The ___ valve is at the junction of the small intestine to the large intestine
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ileocecal
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The ___ and anal canal are the portions of the large intestine that are located in the pelvic cavity
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rectum
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Digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of
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maltose
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The mucosa of the colon has _____ ____ epithelium
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simple columnar
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Define absorption
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uptake of nutrient molecules from digestive tract into blood or lymph
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The upper ___ ___ is formed by the inferior pharyngeal constrictors
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esophageal sphincter
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A typical meal is emptied from the stomach within ____ Hours
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four
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The ___ colon is the s-shaped portion of the large intestine located in the lower left quadrant
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sigmoid
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The ___ nervous system is comprised of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses
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enteric
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Minerals in the diet are absorbed from the ____ ____
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??
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Describe the lesser curvature of the stomach
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medial superior margin from esophagus to duodenum
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the blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic
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sinusoids
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Minerals in the diet are absorbed from the
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small intestine
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Four lobes of the liver
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left lobe,right lobe, quadrate lobe and caudate lobe
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the ____ ____ enzymes, found on the absorptive cell surfaces carry out the final stages of enzymatic digestion
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brush border
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The term ___ refers to the small fingerlike projections of the lining of the small intestine
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villi
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List the brush border enzymes that complete starch digestion
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dextrinase, glucoamylase, and maltase
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The ___ is a spongy retroperitoneal gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach
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pancreas
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list some components of saliva
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water, mucus, lysozyme, amylase and lipase
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Define buccal
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pertaining to cheeks or mouth
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the term ___ refers to the group of enzymes that digest proteins
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protease
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collectively, the teeth are known as the _____
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dentition
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the segment of the digestive tract found on the right side of the abdomen is the ___ colon
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ascending
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define deglutition
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swallowing
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bile acids are recycled from the liver to the small intestine and back via the ___ circulation
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enterohepatic
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The source of ____ ions of stomach acid is the dissociation of carbonic acid within parietal cells
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hydrogen
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___ is the inactive form of pepsin
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pepsinogen
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