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315 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define digestion |
The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. |
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Digestion is carried out by ____________ and ___________ methods |
Mechanical and biochemical |
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Define Nutrition |
Process by which food is obtained or synthesized and used to promote body functions like growth, repair and energy. |
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Nutrition is divided into _________ phases. They are : |
Five Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion (IDAAE) |
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Biomolecules carried by 1. Blood 2. Lymph |
1. Glucose and Amino acids 2. Fatty acids and Glycerol |
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1. Glucose 2. Amino acids 3. Fatty acids 4. Glycerol These are carried through - |
1., 2. Blood 3., 4. Lymph |
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Define nutrients |
Nutrients are substances which provide energy, regulate growth and development and normal functioning of the body |
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Food substances include following nutrients - |
Water, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins, Water, Roughage |
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Types of nutrients with meaning and examples |
1. Macronutrients - Required in large quantities - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and water 2. Micronutrients - Required in small quantities - Minerals, vitamins and roughage |
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Minerals are ____________ substances from sources like ______________, etc. |
Inorganic; Common salt, sea foods, leafy vegetables |
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Who discovered and named vitamins? |
Dr. Casimir Funk |
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Why are vitamins named so? |
They are vital amines required for vital life activities |
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Vitamins are _____________ compounds regularly required in minutes quantities in diet for _____________. |
Organic; Normal metabolism, health and growth |
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Classification of vitamins and examples |
1. Fat soluble : Vit. A, D, E, K i.e KEDA (कीडा) 2. Water soluble: Vit B-complex, C |
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Which nutrients if in excess are not stored in body? |
Water and water soluble subs. i.e. 1. Water 2. Proteins (Amino acids) 3. Water soluble vitamins |
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Human body contains _____% of water (_________% of body weight) |
65%, 60-80℅ |
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_____________ keeps protoplasm active. |
Water |
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Water acts as an important ___________ for organic and inorganic nutrients. |
Solvent |
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Water acts as an important solvent for many _______________ reactions |
Organic and inorganic |
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_____________ is essential for various metabolic activities of the body. |
Water |
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_____________ helps in transportation of useful substances. |
Water (blood) |
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_____________ helps in removal of waste materials. |
Water (urine) |
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Water helps in ___________ through sweat. |
Thermoregulation |
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_____________ is required in many enzymatic reactions. |
Water |
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Roughage is digestible/ indigestible? |
Indigestible |
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Roughage consists of ______________. |
Cellulose fibres |
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Use of Roughage |
Stimulates intestine, induces peristalsis, maintains proper bowel movements |
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Adequate quantity of Roughage in the diet prevents ____________ and other complications arising from it like ______________________. |
Constipation; 1. Piles/ Hemorrhoids 2. Fissures 3. Fistula (due to strain) |
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Piles is also known as __________. |
Hemorrhoids |
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The best source of Roughage is ______________. |
Cabbage |
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Sources of Roughage |
Leafy vegetables and Fruits like GOT (tomato, guava, oranges) |
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Define balanced diet |
Diet which contains all nutrients in proper proportion |
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Give the percent composition of nutrients in a balanced diet |
60-70% Carbohydrates, 20-30% Fats, 10-20% proteins |
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Food should include ____________ for a proper diets. (Names of food) |
Cereals, pulses, meat, fish, eggs, fresh vegetables and fruits |
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A balanced diet provides enough energy in the form of ___________. |
Calories |
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Give daily calories requirement for different types of people |
Older - 2500 cal / day Growing children, young active - 3700 cal / day |
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What is the protein requirement of an average adult and growing children? |
Adult - 1 gram per kg body weight per day Child - 2 gram per kg body weight per day |
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Alimentary canal is also called ____________. |
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
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Alimentary canal is ___________ long. |
8-10 meters |
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Alimentary canal consists of - |
Mouth, Buccal Cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus |
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What is mouth? |
Anterior-most, transverse slit-like opening of alimentary canal |
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Mouth leads to ___________ or __________. |
Buccal Cavity or oral cavity |
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Buccal Cavity is lined by _________________. Give reason. |
Stratified Squamous. For protection against pH, mechanical and temperature effect |
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Buccal Cavity is laterally lines by ____________. |
Cheeks |
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Roof of Buccal Cavity is formed of ______________ . |
Palate |
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Palate is differentiated into __________ and ___________ (name, relative location, and made up of) |
1. Hard palate; anterior half; maxillae and Palatine bone 2. Soft palate; posterior half; muscle fibrous connective tissue and mucous epithelium |
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Floor of Buccal Cavity is occupied by _______________. |
Tongue |
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Mouth is bounded by _____________. |
Fleshy upper and lower lips |
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Buccal Cavity is bounded by ______________ . |
Upper and lower jaws bearing teeth |
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Salivary glands open into the __________. |
Mouth |
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_______________ glands open into the mouth. |
Salivary |
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Part of Buccal Cavity between gums and cheek is the ___________ , while rest is ___________. |
Vestibule, oral cavity |
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Tongue is a ____________, __________ organ. |
Voluntary, muscular |
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Shape of tongue |
Roughly triangular |
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Tongue is attached by its base by _____________ and by ___________ to the floor of the mouth. |
Hyoid bone, vestibule |
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On the upper surface of tongue, numerous projections are present called ____________. |
Papillae |
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Papillae are present on _______________. |
Upper surface of tongue |
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Types of papillae, shape and description |
1. Circumvallate - spherical - having taste buds 2. Filiform - hair like projection - no taste buds, but tactile receptors 3. Fungiform - irregular - having tase buds 4. Foliate - leaf like - not in humans |
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Functions of tongue |
1. Mixing food with saliva 2. Deglutition (swallowing) 3. Helps in speech 4. Taste |
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Swallowing is also known as ______________. |
Deglutition |
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There are total ______ teeth in ____________ of adult human being |
32, Buccal cavity |
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Each tooth has _______ regions |
3 |
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Name and describe regions of teeth |
Root - embedded in jaw bone Crown - Visible portion above gums Neck - Middle part surrounded by gums |
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Which is the hardest substance of body and why? |
Crown, covered by hard coat called enamel |
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Name and decribe parts of tooth |
1. Enamel - hardest substance of human body covering dentine in crown 2. Dentine - Bony part from pulp radiating to enamel 3. Cement - covers root of tooth 4. Periodontal ligament - fibrous cover if cement that fixes tooth to socket (gomphosis joint) 5. Pulp cavity - cavity within dentine containing mass of cells, blood vessels and nerves |
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Most sensitive part of tooth is ___________. Give reason |
Pulp cavity because contains sensitive nerves |
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Label the parts |
From top to bottom Left - Crown, root Right - Enamel, Dentine, Pulp, Gums, Bone, Root canal, nerves and blood vessels |
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Define dentition |
Study of teeth with respect to their type, number, arrangement, development is known as dentition |
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Aspects of study of teeth in dentition |
Type, number, arrangement, development (4) |
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3 donts of Human type with meaning in short |
1. Heterodont - different types 2. Diphyodont - two sets 3. Thecodont - Tooth in socket |
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Types of human teeth with function |
1. Heterodont - Cutting 2. Canines - Tearing 3. Premolars - Crushing 4. Molars - Grinding |
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Dental formulae of humans at different ages |
I C PM M Adults 2 1 2 3 Teens 2 1 2 2 Children 2 1 0 2 |
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Human teeth are __________dont because there are _____ sets of teeth. The first set of ____ teeth is known as _________ or _________ or _________ teeth. Second set of ______ teeth is called ____________ or ____________ dentition. |
Diphyodont, 2, 20, milk, deciduous, temporary, 32, adult, permanent |
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Milk teeth set falls at age of __________. |
7-8 years |
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In human teeth, ____________ are absent |
Premolars |
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Human teeth are embedded in the sockets of ________ and __________. |
Maxilla, Mandibles |
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Buccal Cavity leads to __________ which is common passage for _________. |
Oro-pharynx, air and food |
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____________ and __________ open in pharynx. |
Trachea and oesophagus |
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Anterior end of trachea is called ___________ and anterior end of oesophagus is called ___________. |
Glottis, gullet |
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Glottis is guarded by cartilaginous flap called _____________. |
Epiglottis |
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Function of epiglottis |
Prevents entry of food into glottis of respiratory system, when food is swallowed |
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Epiglottis is usually closed - correct the sentence |
False Epiglottis closes glottis (glottis gets closed) when we swallow, otherwise usually open for breathing |
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Length of oesophagus |
25 cm |
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Oesophagus starts at ________, passes through __________ (with relative location). |
Pharynx, neck behind trachea |
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Structure of oesophagus below neck |
Passes through thoracic cavity, pierces diaphragm and curves upwards before opening into stomach |
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Oesophagus is made of _____________ and _____________ muscles. |
Outer longitudinal, inner circular |
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Oesophagus is internally lined by _____________, which ____________. |
Mucous secreting cells, lubricates passage of food |
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Which organ of alimentary canal has the thickest muscular layer? Why? |
Stomach, maximum peristalsis |
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Structure and shape of stomach |
Bag like, J shaped structure present on left side of the abdomen below diaphragm |
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Length and orientation of stomach |
25 cm, obliquely placed |
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3 parts of stomach |
1. Cardiac 2. Fundus 3. Pyloric stomach / Pylorus |
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Describe Cardiac |
Cardiac is anterior part of stomach into which oesophagus opens |
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Fundus is also called |
Body of stomach |
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Describe Fundus |
The middle part which bulges upwards |
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Describe pyloric stomach |
Narrow posterior part of stomach that opens into duodenum |
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Opening of stomach in cardiac stomach is guarded by _____________ (with alternate names) |
Lower oesophagus/ cardiac/ gastro-oesophageal sphincter |
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Open of pyloric stomach into duodenum is guarded by ______________. |
Pyloric sphincters |
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Functions of 1. Cardiac sphincter 2. Pyloric sphincter |
1. Prevents regurgitation (back flow) of food into Buccal Cavity 2. Regulates passage if food in intestine |
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Vomiting is due to ____________ of food. |
Regurgitation |
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Dimensions of small intestine |
6m long, 2.5 cm broad |
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The coiled loops of small intestine are held together by _______________ called ______________, supporting ____________. |
connective tissue membrane; mesentries; blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves |
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Parts of small intestine |
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum (इलिअम) .... (DJ Ileum) |
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Location, shape and length of duodenum |
Anterior, U shaped, 25 cm long |
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Location, shape, length and relative broadness of jejunum |
Median part of intestine, coiled, 2.5 metres long, narrower tham duodenum |
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Location, shape, length and relative broadness of jejunum |
Posterior part of small intestine, highly coiled, 3.5 metres, little border than jejunum |
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_______________ opens into large intestine |
Ileum |
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Relative broadness of parts of small intestine |
Duodenum > Ileum > Jejunum |
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Length of large intestine |
1.5 metres |
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Diameter of lumen of large intestine |
6.5 cm |
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Correct the sentence Diameter of large intestine is 6.5 cm |
Diameter of lumen of large intestine is 6.5 cm |
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What are the parts of large intestine? |
Caecum, colon, rectum |
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Into what is colon differentiated? |
Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid colon |
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____________ colon continues to become rectum. |
Sigmoid |
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Colon is internally lined by ____________ for ___________. |
Mucous secreting cells, easy passage of food |
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The junction of Ileum and caecum is known as ___________ having ____________. |
Ileocaecal junction, ileocaecal valve |
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At the junction of Ileum and colon there is _____________. (Structure and name) |
Blind pouch named caecum |
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Caecum hosts some ____________. For example, ___________ live in colon which feed on ________________ and in turn produce _______________. |
Symbiotic microbes, E. coli, undigested matter, vitamins B12, B1, B2 and K |
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Caecum bears a short worm like projection called ____________ which is ____________ in man. |
Vermiform appendix, vestigial organ |
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Appendix is functional in ______________ animals for ____________ as it ______________. |
Herbivorous, digestion of cellulose, secretes cellulase |
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Appendix is functional in ______________ animals for ____________ as it ______________. |
Herbivorous, digestion of cellulose, secretes cellulase |
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Thinnest muscular layer in alimentary canal is found in ____________ for _____________. |
Rectum, minimum peristalsis |
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Rectum opens to exterior through __________. |
Anus |
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Anus is guarded by ____________ which helps in _____________ elimination of undigested matter. |
Sphincter, voluntary |
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Names of digestive glands with macroscopic visibility |
1. Salivary 2. Liver 3. Pancreas 4. Gastric 5. Intestinal 1-3 Visible 4,5 - Not Visible |
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Salivary glands are ___________ types of Glandular glands. |
Alveolar, Multicellular |
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Types of salivary glands with location and number |
1. Sublingual - below tongue 2. Submandibular - below lower jaw 3. Parotid - in front of Ear 2 each |
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The largest salivary glands type is _________. |
Parotid glands |
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Salivary cells secrete __________. |
Saliva |
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Two types of secretory cells in salivary glands with secretion |
1. Serous cells - Salivary amylase (ptyalin) 2. Mucous cells - mucous |
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Saliva also contains lysozyme to ______________. |
Cause lysis of ingested bacterial cell wall |
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Function of saliva |
Binds food and makes it slippery so that it can be easily swallowed. (In formation of bolus) |
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Saliva is secreted due to the stimuli - |
1. Smell 2. Sight 3. Thought 4. Touch Of food |
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Name the first two largest organs in human body |
1st - Skin 2nd - Liver |
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Which is the largest exocrine gland in body? |
Liver |
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Liver is ___________ in colour, weighing ______ in ______. |
Dark reddish brown, 1.5 kg, adults |
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Location of liver in human body |
Below diaphragm on right side |
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Number, names and relative size lobes of liver |
2 lobes Right lobe - 5/6 of liver Left lobe - 1/6 of liver |
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In between two lobes of liver, lies a ________ (shape) like structure called ________. |
Sac/bag, gall bladder |
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Liver is externally covered by ______________ called _____________. |
Thin connective tissue layer, Glisson's capsules |
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Capsule layer enters in liver in form of ____________ and forms ___________. |
Septa, lobules |
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Internally, liver contains many _____________ units called _______________. |
Hexagonal, hepatic lobules |
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In between hepatic lobules is connective tissue containing ______________ and ________________. |
Blood vessels, bile ducts |
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Each hepatic lobule has a ________________ around which are arranged _______________. |
central vein, single rows of hepatic cords. |
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Hepatic cords are made of _____________. |
Hepatic cells. |
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Hepatic cells are polygonal cells with ______________ cytoplasm which stores ____________ and ___________. |
distinct nuclei and granular, glycogen, fat droplets |
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Hepatic cells are hexagonal in shape - True or False giving reason |
False. Hepatic cells are polygonal in shape |
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Hepatic cells secrete _____________ which is collected by ______________ which carries it to _______________. |
Bile, bile capillary, bile duct |
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Bile duct opens into ____________ which deposits bile into gall bladder. |
Hepatic duct |
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Hepatic cords enclose ______________ blood vessels called _____________. |
Large irregular, Sinusoids |
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Sinusoids are surrounded by __________________. What is their function? |
Amoeboid/ Kuppfer cells Function - they are phagocytic. Remove toxins from blood and destroy dead RBCs |
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Duct from gall bladder is known as ______________. |
Cystic duct |
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Cystic and hepatic duct unite to form ___________ |
Common hepatic duct |
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Common hepatic duct and pancreatic duct unite to form ___________. |
Hepato-pancreatic duct / ampulla of Vater |
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Opening of ampulla of Vater into _____________ is guarded by ______________. |
Duodenum, sphincter of Oddi |
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4 names of scientists related to liver |
Glisson, Kuppfer, Vater, Oddi |
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Bile helps in _____________ of Fats. |
Emulsification |
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Liver synthesizes Vitamin ____. |
A |
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Liver stores - |
1. Excess glucose in form of glycogen 2. Fat 3. Vitamins A,D,E,K,B12 4. Iron |
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In liver, ________ of amino acids are _________ to form __________. |
Excess, deaminated, urea |
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Excess of amino acids are deaminated in _____________. |
Liver |
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Precursors for thrombin and fibrin |
Prothrombin, Fibrinogen |
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____________ proteins like ___________ are formed in Liver. |
Plasma, Prothrombin, Fibrinogen, Heparin |
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Classify as Coagulant or Anticoagulant Thrombin, Fibrin, Heparin |
Thrombin, Fibrin - Coagulant Heparin - Anticoagulant |
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Bile neutralizes - |
Toxic substances (drugs and alcohols), HCl of chyme |
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Liver produces RBCs in ___________ and destroys RBCs in ___________. |
Early foetal stage, adults |
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Formation of blood is known as ____________. |
Haemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis |
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Liver and spleen are red coloured due to __________ |
RBCs |
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RBCs destroy RBCs and convert _____________ into ____________ and ____________ which give _________ color to bile. |
Haemoglobin, Bilirubin, Biliverdin, yellow |
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The _____________ refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. |
Biliary tree |
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Name the following disorders of liver 1. Inflammation 2. Increase in size 3. Very very high fat 4. Shrunken size |
1. Hepatitis 2. Hepatomegaly 3. Fatty Liver 4. Liver cirrhosis |
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Pancreas is a ____________ type of gland. |
Tubulo-alveolar heterocrine |
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Structure, shape and location of pancreas |
Lobed, leaf shaped, in loop of duodenum |
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Two parts of Pancreas with percent |
Endocrine (99%) and exocrine (1%) |
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Exocrine part of pancreas is made of structures called ___________ or _________. They are __________ shaped. |
Follicles, Acini, flask |
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Acini are made up of _______________ , which are __________ (type) and ___________ in shape. |
Follicular cells, Glandular, pyramidal |
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Follicular cells of pancreas rest on _____________ and enclose cavity called ___________. |
Basement membrane, lumen |
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Acini produce ______________. |
Pancreatic juice |
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Location of endocrine part of pancreas |
In between Acini |
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Types of endocrine cells of pancreas with secretion and it's effect |
1. Alpha - Glucagon - ⬆️Blood sugar lvl. 2. Beta - Insulin - ⬇️Blood sugar lvl. 3. Delta - Somatostatin - Control on Glucagon or Insulin by inhibition |
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Other constituents of pancreas excepts the secretory cells |
Endocrine and exocrine parts are held together by connective tissue. Also found are blood capillaries and nerve endings |
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Mention the layers of stomach |
From outer to inner Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, Mucosa Muscularis, Mucosa |
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Which tissue layer is spongy? |
Sub-mucosa |
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Structure and function of serosa |
Outermost single layer of Squamous epithelial cells with thin layer of connective tissue Function: Outermost protective layer |
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Serosa is made up mostly of which type of tissue? |
Single layer of Squamous epithelial cells |
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Oblique muscles are only found in _____________ for __________. |
Stomach, churning |
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Sub- layers of Muscularis |
Outer longitudinal, Middle circular, Inner oblique |
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Thickest sub layer of Muscularis of stomach |
Oblique muscles |
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Where are Auerbach's and Meissner's plexa found? |
Auerbach's - Stomach - between longitudinal and circular muscles of Muscularis Meissner's - Intestine - in connective tissue between Mucosa and muscularis |
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Other name of Auerbach's plexus? |
Myenteric plexus |
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What is a plexus? |
Network of neurons and ANS fibres in between layers of stomach and intestine |
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What are the names of plexa in the stomach and intestine? |
|
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Thickest layer of stomach |
Muscularis |
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Function of sub-mucosa |
Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve endings. Supports mucosa |
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Which layer of stomach is thrown into folds? What are the folds called? |
Mucosa, Rugae |
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Constituents of mucosa - |
1. Lining of columnar epithelium forming gastric gland 2. Lamina Propria, a layer of connective tissue containing gastric glands 3. Muscularis mucosa - layer of smooth muscle fibres |
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Muscularis mucosa is part of _____________. |
Stomach/Intestinal Mucosa |
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Layers of sub-mucosa |
Outer longitudinal, Inner circular |
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What is the layer of connective tissue containing gastric glands? |
Lamina Propria |
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Inner epithelium of stomach forms ___________________. |
Walls of depressions (gastric pits) |
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The walls of depressions (______________) in stomach form _______________. |
Gastric pits, gastric glands |
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Gastric glands are _______________ structures. They are closely set and embedded ______________ in _____________. |
Simple, tubular, vertically, sub-mucosa |
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Gastric glands are (open/closed) on surface of mucosa. |
Open |
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Parts and description of parts of gastric gland |
1. Neck - Narrow consisting of tall cells 2. Body - Oval consisting of cubical cells |
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Types of cells in walls of gastric glands with function |
1. Mucus secretary - secrete mucous 2. Chief/ peptic/ zymogen cells - secrete pepsinogen, prorennin, small amounts of gastric amylase and gastric lipase 3. Parietal/ Oxyntic - large oval cells bulging out of mucous membrane. Secrete HCl and Castle's Castle's Intrinsic factor 4. Gastrin/ G cells - located in pyloric antrum - secrete gastrin 5. Argentaffin cells - located at base of glands and secrete serotonin (vasoconstrictor) |
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Other names for chief cells |
Peptic/Zymogen cells |
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Function of Intrinsic factor |
Absorption of Vit. B12 |
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Layers of intestine |
From outer to inner Serosa, Muscularis, Submucosa, outer rilsdio |
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Mucous of intestine is thrown into _____________ folds which extend into _____________. |
Circular, submucosa |
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Each fold of intestinal mucosa is thrown into Number of ___________ called _______. |
Finger like projection, Villi |
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The core of each villus is made up of ________________ called _____________ containing _______________. |
Connective tissue, tunica propria, blood capillaries and lymph vessels |
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The epithelial cells of mucosa (except goblet cells) show _____________ of numerous ______________. |
Striated/ brush border, microvilli |
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All epithelial cells of mucosa show brush border - True or False giving reason |
False - The epithelial cells of mucosa (except goblet cells) show brush border |
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Use of microvilli? |
Increase surface area |
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Villi are supplied with _____________ and _____________ called ____________. |
Network of capillaries, large lymph vessels, lymph lacteal |
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Color of lymph lacteal |
Yellow |
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Internal surface area of intestine is greatly increased by ____________, ____________ and _____________ which is essential for _____________. |
Mucosal folds, villi, microvilli, absorption |
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Location of intestinal glands |
At intervals between villi |
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Mucus is also known as ___________. |
Mucin |
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Types of intestinal glands with glandular structure and extent |
1. Crypts of Lieberkuhn - Simple tubular - extend into tunica propria upto Muscularis mucosa 2. Brunner's Gland - compound tubular glands as large grape like structures - extend upto sub-mucosa |
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Types of cells lining crypts of Lieberkuhn with function |
1. Striated columnar epithelial cells - Absorption 2. Goblet cells - secrete mucus 3. Paneth cells - secrete digestive enzymes and lysozyme 4. Argentaffin cells - secrete hormones like secretin, cholecystokinin |
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Describe secretion of Brunner's gland |
Alkaline water fluid containing mucin and some enzymes |
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Location of Brunner's glands |
Duodenum ONLY |
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Secretion of Crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's Gland together form the ________________. |
Intestinal juice or succus entericus |
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What stimulate Brunner's Gland for secretion? |
Vagus nerve and secretin |
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Vagus nerve is ____________ nerve (number and type of nerve) |
10th cranial |
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What protect intestinal mucosa from acid as well as provide alkaline medium for enzyme activities? |
Pancreas - 1. Mucus 2. HCO3 minus Brunner's Gland |
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Brunner's Gland is also known as |
Sub- mucosal Gland |
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Two types of digestion with meaning |
1. Physical / Mechanical - Large size to small size by mastication, churning 2. Chemical - Large to small molecular dimensions by action of enzymes |
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Mastication is done in _____________. |
Oral cavity |
|
Two major functions of Buccal cavity |
1. Mastication of food 2. Facilitation of swallowing |
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The ____________ with help of ____________ masticate and mix up food thoroughly. |
Teeth and tongue, saliva |
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Mucus in saliva helps in _______________ and ______________ the masticated food particles. |
Lubricating and swallowing |
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After mastication, ______________ is then conveyed into pharynx and them oesophagus. |
Bolus |
|
Mechanism of swallowing |
Action of tongue - Presses against palate - bolus pushed downward into oesophagus through pharynx |
|
Composition of Saliva |
1. Salivary amylase (ptyalin) 2. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) 3. Lysozyme |
|
Function of saliva w.r.t. bicarbonate |
Bicarbonates in saliva neutralize acids in food |
|
Action of salivary amylase |
Converts 30% starch into simpler soluble disaccharide sugar - maltose in 6.8 acidic pH |
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Percentage starch hydrolysed in mouth |
30% |
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pH required for action of ptyalin |
6.8 acidic |
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When are we aware of our food? |
When it is in mouth cavity until we swallow it |
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Meaning of Peristalsis |
Successive waves of contraction and relaxation |
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Secretion of stomach is promoted by hormone __________ and controlled by ___________. |
Gastrin; sight, smell, taste of food |
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Secretion of stomach is ____________ by hormone gastrin and ____________ by sight, smell, taste of food. |
promoted, controlled |
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When does pyloric sphincter open? |
When acidity of food reaches a certain level |
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What is chyme? |
Food mixed thoroughly with gastric juice by churning movement |
|
Composition of gastric juice |
Mucous, pepsinogen, rennin, 0.5% (percentage in gastric juice not concentration) mucus |
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Stomach stores food for ___________ |
4-5 hours |
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____________ and __________ present in the gastric juice play an important role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly concentrated hydrochloric acid. |
Mucus, bicarbonates |
|
function of mucus and bicarbonates in stomach |
Lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly concentrated hydrochloric acid |
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Lipases are secreted by __________. |
Mainly PANCREAS, but also STOMACH in small amounts |
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Functions of HCl in stomach (6) |
1. Kills bacteria 2. Dissolves mineral salts 3. Decalcifies bones 4. Acidic pH (1.8) optimal for pepsin 5. Softens food 6. Stop action of salivary amylase |
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Which nutrient(s) are not digested in stomach? |
Carbohydrates |
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Which is the proteolytic enzyme of stomach? |
Pepsin |
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Formation of pepsin |
Proenzyme pepsinogen on exposure to HCl gets converted to active enzyme pepsin |
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Action of pepsin |
Pepsin/ Acidic Med. Proteins --------------------------> Proteoses + Peptones |
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Proteoses and Peptones are |
Peptides |
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Name a gastric enzyme which is more active in adults? State it's action |
Rennin (check spelling, it's not renin) Converts casein in milk into paracasein Rennin/ Acidic Med. Casein -------------------------> Paracasein |
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Paracasein is further digested by _____________. |
Pepsin |
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Fate of casein in adults |
Usually not utilized |
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Components of Pancreatic juice |
1. Trypsinogen 2. Chymotrypsinogen 3. Procarboxypeptidase 4. Pancreatic amylase/ Amylopsin 5. Pancreatic Lipase/ Steapsin 6. Nuclease |
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Trypsin is activated into ______________ by _____________. |
Trypsin, Enterokinase |
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Functions of trypsin |
1. Proteins, Proteoses, Peptones to polypeptides 2. Chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin 3. Procarboxypeptidase to Carboxypeptidase |
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Erypsin is a ______________. |
Dipeptidase |
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Mechanism of digestion of proteins in intestine |
A |
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Mechanism of digestion of carbohydrates in intestine |
A |
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Mechanism of digestion of fats in intestine |
A |
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Mechanism of digestion of nucleic acids in intestine |
A |
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Digestion of nutrients completed in _________________ |
Duodenum |
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Acidity of food stimulates mucosa of ____________ to secrete hormones |
Duodenum |
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Color of bile |
Yellowish green |
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Enzymes in bile. |
Nil. It is devoid of enzymes. |
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Composition of bile |
Bile pigments, H2O, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts |
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Function of bile salts |
Help in breaking down oil droplets into small globules/ micelles forming milky emulsion (emulsification) to facilitate further digestion of fats |
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Names and function of Bile pigments |
Bilirubin, Biliverdin Give colour to faeces and urine |
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2 most important functions of bile |
1. Activates lipases 2. Neutralizes acidic chyme |
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How do Bilirubin and Biliverdin give colour to faeces and urine? |
They decompose into stercobilin and urobilin- urochrome 1. Bilirubin - Stercobilin - Not absorbable - colour to faeces 2. Biliverdin - Urobilin/ urochrome - Absorbable - colour to urine |
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Food is completely digested in duodenum into __________ form called ___________, which is further subjected to ______________. |
Liquid, chyle, absorption |
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Other names for pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase resp. |
Amylopsin and Steapsin resp. |
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Other name for Amylopsin and Steapsin resp. |
Pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase resp. |
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Major absorption occurs in _______________. |
Jejunum |
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Substances absorbed by 1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active transport |
1. Glucose , some amino acids, some electrolytes (3) 2. Fructose, some amino acids (2) 3. Amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like Na+ (3) |
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Simple substances are absorbed in _____________ and _____________. |
Jejunum, Ileum |
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Transport of water depends on _________________. |
Concentration gradient |
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Egestion is caused by ________________. |
Mass peristaltic movement |
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Enterokinase is secreted by ______________. |
Intestinal mucosa |
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Function of ileocaecal valve |
Prevent back flow of faecal matter into small intestine |
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Function of ileocaecal valve |
Prevent back flow of faecal matter into small intestine |
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B |
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pH in intestine |
Alkaline 8.4 |
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Names of bile salts |
Sodium bicarbonate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate |
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Nucleotidases are also known as _________________ |
Nucleophosphatases |
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Mention which part of villus absorbs the following 1. Simple sugars 2. Amino acids 3. Fatty acids 4. Glycerol |
1, 2 - Blood vessels 3, 4 - Lymph lacteals |
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Why cannot fatty acids and glycerol be absorbed by blood? |
They are water insoluble |
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How can fatty acids and glycerol absorbed? |
1. Incorporated into small droplets called micelles 2. Move into intestinal mucosa 3. Reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called chylomicrons 4. Transported to lymph lacteals 5. Release into blood stream |
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Mention the substances absorbed by - 1. Mouth 2. Stomach 3. Small Intestine 4. Large intestine |
1. Drugs in contact with mouth mucosa and lower side of tongue 2. Water, simple sugars, alcohol, aspirin, lipid soluble drugs 3. Principal organ - All 4. Water, minerals, drugs |
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Brown colour of faeces is due to - |
Stercobilinogen, Stercobilin |
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Foul smell or faeces is due to - |
Indole, Sagale, H2S |
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In large intestine, secretion of ___________ helps in -- |
Mucus, adhering waste undigested particles together and lubricating of easy passage |
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Hormones of Gastrointestinal Tract |
1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 3. Pancreozymin 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 5. Enterogasteron/ Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) 6. Duocrinin 7. Enterokinin 8. Vilikinin |
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Sources of - 1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 3. Pancreozymin 4. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 5. Enterogasteron/ Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) 6. Duocrinin 7. Enterokinin 8. Vilikinin |
1. G/ Argentaffin cells of pyloric gastric glands 2. S cells of duodenum and Jejunum 3. Duodenum 4. I cells of duodenum 5,6. Duodenum 7,8. Small intestine |
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Effect of gastrin |
⬆️️ HCl, Pepsinogen, Prorennin, cardiac and pyloric sphincter movement Stimulates stomach emptying |
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Effect of secretin |
Stimulates release of NaHCO3 fluid from pancreas and liver |
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Pancreozymin |
⬆️ Pancreatic juice |
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Effect of CCK |
Stimulates gall bladder cont. to release bile Relax sphincter of Oddi ⬆️Bile secretion |
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Effect of GIP |
Inhibit gastrin (Opp effects) |
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Effect of Duocrinin |
⬆️ mucus from Brunner's gland |
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Effect of Enterokinin |
⬆️ intestinal enzymes by crypts |
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Effect of vilikinin |
⬆️ Movement of villi for ⬆️ absorption |
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Define gross calorific value. Give its unit |
The amount of heat liberated by complete combustion of 1 gram food in a Bomb calorimeter is termed as gross calorific value. Kcal/g |
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Define physiological value of food |
The actual energy produced by 1 gram of food is its physiological value |
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Give the gross calorific value and physiological value of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates |
Food - Gross calorific - Physiological Fats - 9.45 - 9.0 Protein - 5.65 - 4.0 Carbohydrates - 4.1 - 4.0 |
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Kwashiorkor is seen in ______________. |
Infants and children between 1 to 3 years of age |
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Nutritional deficiency diseases are caused due to _______________. |
Lack of Proteins, vitamins, minerals in diet |
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Basic causes of Kwashiorkor |
Ignorance, poverty, infectious diseases like intestinal diseases, respiratory infection, Measles, diarrhoea, etc |
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Vomit centre is at _____________. |
Centre of medulla |