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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
___________ are solid dosage forms consisting of active ingredient(s) and suitable pharmaceutical excipients |
Tablets |
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Advantages of tablets |
• Production aspect • Large scale production at lowest cost. • Easiest and cheapest to package and ship • High stability • User aspect (doctor, pharmacist, patient) • Easy to handling • Lightest and most compact • Greatest dose precision & least content variability |
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Disadvantages
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• Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts • Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution, intermediate to large dosages • Bitter taste drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor |
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Classification of Tablets 1. 2. |
1. Compressed tabs 2.Molded tabs |
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________________________ - a tablet prepared, usually as a large-scale production, by means of great pressure; Most compressed tablets consist of the active ingredient and a diluent, binder, disintegrator, and lubricant. |
Compressed Tablets |
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__________________ - small disc shaped tablets which are prepared by forcing the soft mass into the cavities of mold. - potent medicaments and highly toxic drugs in small doses are used for preparing the molded tablets |
Molded Tablets |
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Types of Compressed Tablets |
1. Sugar coated tabs 2. Film coated tabs 3. Enteric Coated Tablets 4. Multiple Compressed Tablets (MCT) 5. Controlled – Release Tablets 6. Tablets for Solution7. Effervescent Tablets 8. Compressed Suppositories or Inserts9. Buccal and Sublingual Tablets10. Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates |
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_______________________- The tablet that contains active ingredient of unpleasant taste may be covered with sugar to make it more palatable. - This type of tablet should be administered in whole form.
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Sugar Coated Tablets |
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Example of sugar coated tabs |
Vitaferro, Quinine. |
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_______________________ The tablet is coated with a membrane of polymeric substances that improves physicochemical stability of the drug and delays the rate of drug absorption. |
Film coated tablets |
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Example of film coated tabs |
Augmentin |
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__________________________ The tablet is coated with an acid-resistant substance that will dissolve only in the less acidic portions of the intestines |
Enteric Coated Tablets |
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Example of enteric coated tabs. |
Voltaren |
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2 types of Multiple Compressed Tablets (MCT) |
1. Layered tabs 2. Press-coated tabs |
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- tablets made more than one compression |
Multiple Compressed Tablets (MCT) |
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- these are the compressed tablets in which the granules of incompatible substances are compressed in to two or more layers successively in the same tablet. |
Layered tablets |
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- the granules of incompatible ingredients are compressed around the previously compressed tablet |
Press-coated tablets |
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- design the tablets in a manner to provide medication over a period of time. |
Controlled – Release Tablets |
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Types of Controlled – Release Tablets |
Fast Release Sustained Release MR Super Fast ER |
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________________________- contain Sodium bicarbonate, Citric or Tartaric acid- ____________ –crumble and lack mechanical strength- ____________ alone results in a sticky mixture |
Effervescent Tablets tartaric acid Citric acid |
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Types of Molded Tablets or Tablet Triturates (TT) |
1. Dispensing tabs 2. Hypodermic tabs |
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___________________ These tablets are prepared for providing an accurate and convenient quantity of drug that can be incorporated readily in compounding other dosage form. |
Dispensing tablets |
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_____________________- are the soft, readily soluble tablets which are made in the tablet triturate mold. - used for preparing solution to be injected |
Hypodermic tablets: |
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Components of Tablets |
1. Essential Components 2. Compression Aide 3. Supplementary Components |
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Essential Components
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- Diluent - Binders or Granulators - Disintegrants |
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Compression Aide |
- Glidants - Lubricants - Antiadhesives |
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Supplementary Components
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- Colors - Flavors and Sweetening Agents - Adsorbents |
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Diluents
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1. Lactose 2. Starches 3. Mannitol 4. Sorbitol 5. Sucrose 6. Microcrystalline Cellulose (Avicel) (5-15% for wet granulation) 7. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) for controlled release formula |
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_____________ – Lactose Anhydrous |
Diluents |
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• Synonyms of anhydrous lactose |
Lactopress Lactosum anhydricum Lattosio Milk sugar Saccharum lactis |
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Functional Category: Directly compressible tablet excipient dry powder inhaler carrier lyophilization aid tablet and capsule diluent tablet and capsule filler |
Familiarize lang |
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Advantages of diluents |
Advantages • inexpensive • readily soluble • stable and inert • high melting points 202 °C |
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Disadvantages of diluents |
Disadvantages • Needs binders since other substances may interfere with cohesion • Require lubricants |
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Diluents – Starches ( Wheat, Corn, Rice Potato) • Synonyms: • Functional Category:
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Amido; amidon; amilo; Hylon; maydis amylum; Melojel; Meritena; oryzae amylum; Solani amylum;
tritici amylumTablet and capsule diluenttablet and capsule disintegranttablet binderthickening agent Tablet and capsule diluenttablet and capsule disintegranttablet binderthickening agent |
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Diluents for Chewable tablets
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• Mannitol • Lactose • Sorbitol • Sucrose • Inositol |
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Diluents for Antibiotics |
• Calcium salts |
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________________________- Impart cohesive properties to the powdered material - Include Starch, Gelatin, Glucose, Sucrose, Acacia, Sodium alginate, Irish moss extract, panwar gum, ghatti gum, isapol husk mucilage, CMC, methylcellulose, PVP, Veegum, arabogalactam larch- PEG, Ethylcellulose, waxes, water and alcohol |
Binders/ Granulators |
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__________________ – aqueous solution of cornstarch ____________ w/w It usually is prepared as it is to be used, by dispersing cornstarch in sufficient cold purified water to make a ________ w /w suspension and warming in a water bath with continuous stirring until a translucent paste forms. |
Starch Paste 10%-20% 5-10% |
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_________________________________ 10% – 20% w/w The gelatin is added to cold purified water and allowed to stand until it is hydrated. It then is warmed in a water bath to dissolve the gelatin, and the solution is made up to the final volume on a weight basis to give the concentration desired. |
Aqueous Gelatin solution: |
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_____________________________: 25% - 50% w/w |
Aqueous Glucose solution |
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___________________________________ 5% w/w |
Alcoholic solution of ethylcellulose |
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______________________________&% - can be used as an aqueous or alcoholic solution |
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE: 2% |
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Disintegrants
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Starches such as Corn and Potato (5-15%) Clays Cellulose Algin Gums Super disinitegarants (2-4%) |
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employed in Dry state |
Starches such as Corn and Potato (5-15%) |
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Bentonite and Veegum |
Clays – |
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Cellulose – |
methylcellulose, NA CMC, microcrystalline cellulose |
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Algin – |
Alginic acid and Sodium Alginate |
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Gums – |
locust bean, karaya, guar, tragacanth, agar |
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Super disinitegarants (2-4%) ________________ – Cross-linked cellulose (10 sec) ________________ – Cross-liked polymer __________________________ – cross-linked starch (30 sec) |
Croscarmellose Crospovidone Sodium starch glycolate |
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_______________ - it reduces the friction between the inner and tablet edge during the ejection life cycle. - Talc, Magnesium stearate, Calcium stearate, Stearic Acid, Glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated veg oils, PEG - used in concentrations below 1% except _________ (5%)- when used too much will cause waterproofing the tablets. - all lubricants must undergo _____________ i.e sifted/meshed |
Lubricants Talc Bolting |
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___________ – improve the flow characteristics of granulations - always added in dry state - Colloidal silicon dioxide Cab-o-sil (Cabot) >1% - talc is also employed |
Glidants |
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______________________ – prevent tablet granulations or materials from sticking to the faces of punches and die walls. |
Anti-adhesives |
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Colorants FD&C – Food , Drugs and CosmeticsD&C – Drugs and CosmeticsExternal D&C – Drug and Cosmetics ________ – water soluble ________ – water insoluble- dyes adsorbed in aluminum hydroxide |
Dyes Lakes |
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Coloring PharmaceuticalsDistinction between agent and coloring agent Sulfur = ; Riboflavin = ; Cupric sulfate = ; Ferrous sulfate = ; Cyanocobalamin = ; Red mercuric iodide |
yellow yellow blue bluish green red =vivid red |
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Approved Color Additives Are ClassifiedInto 3 Groups 1. FD & C dyes - legally used in food,drugs and cosmetics 2. D & C dyes - legally used in drugs andcosmetics 3. ____________________ - legally used only to color externally applied drugs and cosmetics |
External D & C dyes |
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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE SELECTION OF COLORANT OR DYE
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1. Certified dye 2. Gives aesthetic value 3. Physical and chemical properties 4. pH or pH stability of the preparation |
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used internally should be certified |
Synthetic dyes |
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Characteristics of a dye before gaining certification
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1. Must be safe 2. Must not interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of the product 3. Must not interfere with the assay procedure for the preparation |
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AESTHETIC VALUE .Liquid preparations - the amount is ranging from __________ to _________%depending upon the colorant and intensity desired. ________________________________________- generally larger proportion is required (0.1%). ____________________________ -no color additives |
0.0005 - 0.001 Solid or powdered, Compressed Tablets Ointments, suppositories, opthalmicand parenteral |
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Examples of color formulation 1. Orange Yellow #6, #5 and Red #40 2. Cherry Red #40 and Blue #1 3. Strawberry Red # 40 and Red #3 4. Grape Red #40 and Blue #1 5. Lemon Yellow # 5 6. Chocolate Red # 40, Yellow #5 and Blue #1 |
Familiarize |
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____________________ - Often found on chewable tablets - Available in spray dried beadlets and oils - Never incorporated during wet processing - Aqueous flavors are not recommended |
Flavors and Sweeteners |
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Sweetening Agents Natural:- sucrose, (sugar cane, cane beet, sugar maple)- Honey (Apis mellifera)- Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Artificial: - _____________ – has bitter after taste _____________ – methylester dipeptide of phenylalanine and aspartaric acid ______________________ – used more in confectionary |
Saccharin Aspartame Acesulfame potassium |
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Flavoring AgentsSweet: honey mixtures, fruits, berries, maple, vanilla Bitter: chocolate, anise, cherry mint, nut, fennel Sour: citrus, rootbeer, anise, cherry, strawberry, licorice Salty: butterscotch, maple, peach, melon, raspberry Metallic: grape, lemon, lime Alkaline: chocolate, cream, Vanilla, mint |
Familiarize |
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________________ Useful when ethereal oils, ethereal solution of oil-soluble drugs, fluid extracts and eutectic melts are present in a tablet formulation |
Adsorbents |
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Examples of adsorbents are |
Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium hydroxide, Bentonite, kaolin, Magnesium aluminum silicate, Tricalcium phosphate, dried starch |
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Four Major Techniques for Coating
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1. Sugar Coating 2. Film Coating 3. Microencapsulation 4. Compression coating |
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deposition of sucrose solution |
Sugar Coating – |
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deposition of polymeric film |
Film Coating – |
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– coated particles are um in size |
Microencapsulation |
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Basic Process of Coating |
1. Pan coating 2. Dip coating 3. Air suspension coating |
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___________________ – coats both sugar and film coating - provides hot or cold air |
Pan Coating |
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__________________ – materials are placed in baskets |
Dip Coating |
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– coating materials are atomized and applied to tablets inside the columnar coating chamber. |
Air Suspension Coating |
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The reasons for tablet coating
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1) to protect the medicinal agent against destructive exposure to air and/or humidity 2) to mask the taste of the drug; 3) to provide special characteristics of drug release; 4) to provide aesthetics or distinction to the product; 5) to prevent inadvertent contact by nonpatients with the drug substance |
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The general methods involved in coating tablets are as follows
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1) sugarcoating tablets 2) film-coating tablets 3) enteric coating 4) pan coating 5) fluid-bed or air suspension coating 6) compression coating |
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The sugarcoating of tablets may be divided into the following steps:
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1) waterproofing and sealing (if needed) 2) subcoating 3) smoothing and final rounding 4) finishing and coloring (if desired) 5) polishing |
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__________________________________ (if needed) aim: to prevent the components from being adversely affected by moisture; one or more coats; shellac , zein , or a polymer as cellulose acetate phthalate |
Waterproofing and sealing |
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________________aim: to bond the sugar coating to the tablet and provide rounding a) ___-___ subcoats of a sugar-based syrup are applied. The sucrose and water syrup also contains gelatin, acacia, or PVP. b) When the tablets are partially dry they are sprinkled with a dusting powder, usually a mixture of powdered sugar and starch but sometimes talc, acacia, or precipitated chalk as well. c) Then drying the tablets. Repetition (15 to 18 times) the subcoating process until the tablets are of the desired shape and size. |
Subcoating 3 to 5 |
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__________________________________aim: to complete the rounding and smooth the coatings 5 to 10 additional coatings of a thick syrup; This syrup is sucrosebased with or without additional components as _________&____________________ |
Smoothing and final rounding starch and calcium carbonate |
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_________________________ aim: to attain final smoothness and the appropriate color several coats of a thin syrup containing the desired colorant |
Finishing and coloring |
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_____________aim: to impart identification codes and other distinctive symbols to the product The imprint may be debossed, embossed, engraved, or printed on the surface with ink. |
Imprinting |
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______________aim: to render the tablets the desired sheen/gloss/luster a) pans lined with canvas cloth impregnated with carnauba wax and/or beeswax b) Pieces of wax may be placed in a polishing panc) light-spraying of the tablets with wax dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent |
Polishing |
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DISADVANTAGES OF SUGAR COATING1) The disadvantages of sugarcoating process
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a) time-consuming b) requiring the expertise of highly skilled technicians c) doubling the size and weight of the original uncoated tablets d) may vary in size from batch to batch and within a batch e) large tablets are not as easily swallowed as are small tablets. |
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ADVANTAGES OF FILM COATING
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a) coated tablets having essentially the same weight, shape, and size as the originally compressed tablet b) The coating is thin enough to reveal any identifying monograms. c) far more resistant to destruction by abrasion than are sugar-coated tabletsd) the coating may be colored to make the tablets attractive and distinctive. |
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The components of nonaqueous film-coating solutions:a) film former: e.g. CAPb) alloying substance: to provide water solubility or permeability to the film e.g. PEGc) plasticizer: to render flexibility and elasticity to the coating e.g. castor oild) surfactant: to enhance spreadability of the film e.g. polyoxyethylenesorbitan derivativese) opaquants and colorants: e.g. titanium dioxide, FD&C or D&C dyesf) sweeteners, flavors, and aromas: saccharin, vanilling) glossant: beeswaxh) volatile solvent: alcohol-acetone mixture |
Familiarize |