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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is personality? |
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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psychoanalytic perspective
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importance of unconscious processes and childhood experiences
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humanistic perspective
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importance of self and fullfillment of potential
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social cognitive perspective
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importance of beliefs about self
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trait perspective
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description and measurement of personality differences
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Psychoanalytic perspective and Freud
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Freud's theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
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Psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Techniques used in treating psychological disorders bny seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
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Free Association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious.
Person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
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Unconscious
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
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Preconscious
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information that is not conscious, but is retrievable into conscious awareness
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Pleasure Principle
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drive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive
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Sources of energy
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-eros: life instinct, perpetuates life
-manatos: death instict, aggression, self-destructive actions -libido: sexual energy or motivation |
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Id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, irrational and emotional part of the mind, baby's mind is all id (wants)
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Primitive Mind
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contains all the basic needs and feelings. Id is too strong = bound up in self-gratification and uncaring to others
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Superego: Conscience
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operates on the morality principle, internalization of societal and parental values, partially unconscious, can be harshly punitive using feelings of guilt
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Personality Structure-Superego
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the part of the personality that presents internalized ideals, provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations, constantly strives for perfection, superego too strong = feels guilty all the time
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Ego: the Reality Principle
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ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality. rational, organized, logical mediator to demands of reality. can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner.
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Personality Structure-Ego
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the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality, realizes the need for compromise, ego too strong = extremely rational and efficient, but cold, boring and distant
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Psychosexual Stages
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the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distict erogenous zones
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Psycho Sex age 0-18 months
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focus on pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing
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psycho sex age 18-36 months
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pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with the demands for control
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psycho sex age 3-6 years
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pleasure zone is the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings
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psycho sex age 6 to puberty
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dormant sexual feelings
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psycho age puberty on
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maturation of sexual interests
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Oedipus Complex
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a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealously and hatred for the rival father
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Electra Complex
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a girl's sexual desire toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother
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Castration Anxiety
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boys feel guilt and fear that their father would punish them (castration) for sexual desires for their mother & jealousy of their father
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Penis Envy
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women fixated in this stage symbolically castrate men through embarrassment, deception, and derogation
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Identification
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the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
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Fixation
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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Oral Fixation
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possibly because of overindulgence or depriving, exhibit either passive dependence or an exaggerating denial of this dependence--by acting tough or being sarcastic, might also continue to seek oral gratification through excessive smoking or eating
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Anal Fixation
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never resolve anal confict. Anal expulsive ppl are messy and disorganized. Anal retentive ppl are highly controlled and compulsively neat
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Defense Mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
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defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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reaction formation
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defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. ppl may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
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projection
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defense mechanism by which ppl disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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rationalization
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defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
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displacement
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shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
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sublimation
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ppl re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. Freud suggested that Leonardo da Vinci's painting of Madonna could be traced back to his desire for intimacy with his own mother
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projective test
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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thematic apperception test (TAT)
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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorschach test
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach, seeks to identify ppl's inner feelings by analyzing their inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Drawbacks to Projective Tests
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examiner or test situation may influence individual's response, scoring is subjective, test fail to produce consistent results (reliability problem), tests are poor predictors of future behavior (validity problem)
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Alfred Adler
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most fundamental human motive is striving for superiority, arises from universal feelings of inferiority that are experienced during childhood, overcompensation may cause superiority complex where person exaggerates achievements and importance, importance of childhood social tension
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Karen Horney
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need for human love and security, look at anxiety related to security and social relationships, basic anxiety-the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a hostile world, sought to balance Freud's masculine biases-women don'e have penis envy and they don't have weak superegos
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Carl Jung
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universality of themes-archetypes inherited universal human concepts "mother", collective unconscious, persona, and 1st to describe introverts and extraverts
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collective unconscious
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memory traces from our human collective evolutionary history
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persona
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a mask ppl wear to hide what they really are or what they really feel
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Freud's indeas in light of modern research
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human development is not fixed in childhood, but over time; gender identity does not form because of Oedipus Complex; dreams do not disguise and fulfill wishes; repression rarely occurs, unconscious is not seething passions and repressive censoring but information processing that occurs without awareness
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Abraham Maslow
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studied self-actualization processes of productive and health ppl
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Carl Rogers
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father of humanism, focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals, genuiness, acceptance, empathy
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Self-Actualization
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the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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Self-Concept
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all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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Spotlight Effect
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overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
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Self Esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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Self-Serving Bias
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readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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Possible Selves
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possible selves include your visions of the self you dream of becoming-the rich self, the successful self, the loved and admired self. also includes the self you fear becoming-the unemployed self, the lonely self, the academically failed self.
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Benefits of Self-Esteem
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fewer sleepless nights, succub less easily to pressures to use drugs, less likely to use drugs, more persistent at difficult tasks, less shy and lonely, less likely to see rejection where none exists, just plain happier
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Culture and Self-Esteem
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ethnic minorities, ppl with disabilities, and women do not live lives of lowe self-esteem, blacks have a slightly higher self-esteem score than whites
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Individualism
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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Collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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Terror-Management Theory
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faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
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Evaluating Humanism
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difficult to test or validate scientifically, tends to be too optimistic, minimizing some of the more destuctive aspects of human nature
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Trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior, a dispotion to feel and act, an assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Factor Analysis
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theorists use this to identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits
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Extroversion-Introversion
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extroverts seek stimulation because of their normal levels of brain arousal are relatively low
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Emotional stability-instability
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emotionally stable ppl react calmly because their autonomic nervous system are not so reactive as those of unstable ppl
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Personality Inventory
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a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which ppl respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits
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Self-Report Inventory
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psychological test in which an individual answers standardized questions about their behavior and feelings, the answers are then compared to established norms
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Strength of Self-Reports
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standardized-each person receives same instructions and responds to the same questions, use of established norms: results are compared to previously established norms are not subjectively evaluated
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Weakness of Self-Reports
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evidence that ppl can "fake" responses to look better (or worse), tests contain hundreds of items and become tedious, ppl may not be good judges of their own behavior
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) |
the most widcely research and clinically used of all personality tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders, now used for many other screening purposes, originally designed to assess mental health and detect psychological symptoms, has over 500 questions to which person must reply true or false
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Empirically Derived Test
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a test seveloped by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups, such as the MMPI
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William Sheldon
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Somatotyping (body typing) 3 types: endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph
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Endomorph
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pulmp, relaxed, jolly (santa claus)
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Ectomorph
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high strung and solitary (sherlock holmes)
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Mesomorph
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bold and physically active (superman)
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Type A
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intense, driven, goal-oriented, successful, task-oriented
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Type B
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laid back, easy-going, procrastinator
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Evaluation of Trait Perspective
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doesn't really explain personality, simply describe the behaviors, doesn't describe the development of the behaviors, trait approaches generally fail to address how issues such as motives, unconscious, or belief about self affect personality development
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Person-Situation Controversy
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we look for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations. If you consider friendliness a trait, friendly ppl must act friendly at different times and places.
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Consistency of Expressive Style
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our expressive styles are impressively consistent. At any moment the immediate situation powerfully influences a person's behavior, especially when the situation makes clear demands. Averaging our behavior across many occasions does, however, reveal that we do have distinct personality traits.
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Barnum Effect
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believing a horoscope describes you when it's very generic
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Social Cognitive Thoery
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the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experience, self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism in personality
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Reciprocal Determinism
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model that explains personality as the result of behavioral, cognitive, and enviornmental interactions
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Self-Efficacy
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belief that ppl have about their ability to meet demands of a specific situation
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Personal Control
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our sense of controlling our enviornments rather than feeling helpless
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External Locus of Control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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Internal Locus of Control
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the perception that one controls one's own fate
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Learned Helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated avoid repeated aversive events
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Positive Psychology
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the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Assessing Behavior in Situations
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the best means of predicting future behavior is neither a personality test nor an interviewer's intuition. Rather, it is the person's past behavior pattern in similar situations
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Evaluations of Social Cognitive Perspective
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well grounded in empirical, laboratory research. However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions. Ignores the influences of unconscious, emotions, conflicts.
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