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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
assimilation
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consumption of O2 by body
O2 + glucose ----> ATP |
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irritability
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ability to respond to stimuli
part of regulation |
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photosynthesis
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CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O2 (carbs)
chlorophyll in plants harnesses sunlight to drive PS |
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phospholipid
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contains:
glycerol 2 fatty acids N-containing alcohol |
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lipid derivatives (5)
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1. phospholipids
2. waxes 3. steroids 4. carotenoids (pigment) 5. porphyrins (i.e. heme) |
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albumins/globulins
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functional proteins
globular carriers or enzymes |
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scleroproteins
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structural proteins
fibrous |
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mucoproteins
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proteins bound to carb.
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chromoproteins
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proteins bound to pigmented molecules
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protein functions (5)
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"HASTE"
Hormones Antibodies Structural proteins Transport proteins Enzymes |
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enzyme functions (2)
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1. lower activation energy of rxn
2. increase rate of rxn **do not affect overall "G" of rxn/ not consumed |
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lock and key theory (enzyme specificity)
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active site of enzyme fits together with structure of substrate like "lock and key"
*largely discounted theory |
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induced fit theory (enzyme specificity)
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conformation of active site of enzyme changes to fit substrate
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factors affecting enzyme action/reaction rate (3)
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1. temperature (^ temp = ^rate of action until optimal temp reached)
2. pH (bell curve; human enzyme optimal pH = 7.2) 3. concentration (^ [S] = ^ velocity until Vmax reached) |
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lactase
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hydrolysis
lactose --> glucose + galactose |
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protease
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hydrolysis
proteins --> amino acids |
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lipase
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hydrolysis
lipids --> fatty acids + glycerol |
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cofactors
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non-protein molecules required by some enzymes
obtained from diet |
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proesthetic groups
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cofactors that bind to enzymes with covalent bonds
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cell theory
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"GABE"
Genetic info carried as DNA Arise from pre-existing cells only Basic fxnl unit of life Everything composed of cells |
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compound light microscopy
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uses 2 lenses to magnify object (magnification = mag. of eyepiece x mag. of objective)
used to observe non-living specimens often involves staining (contrast) |
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phase contrast microscopy
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used to study living cells
uses difference in refractive index to produce contrast |
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electron microscopy
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1000x higher mag. than compound light microscopy
used to study non-living specimens |
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characteristics of prokaryotes
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bacteria
all contain cell wall no nucleus contain ribosomes no membrane-bound organelles |
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characteristics of eukaryotes
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include protists, fungi, plants, and animals
cell walls only in fungi and plants nucleus contain ribosomes membrane-bound organelles |
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histones
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structural proteins
complex with DNA to form chromosomes in nucleus |
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nucleolus
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structure in nucleus
site of rRNA synthesis |
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golgi apparatus
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receives/modifies/repackages vesicles from ER; distributes to cell surface via exocytosis
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mitochondria
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site of AEROBIC respiration
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cyclosis
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streaming movement of cytoplasm throughout cell
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centrioles
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specialized microtubule
spindle organization (cell division) lie in centrosome NOT in plant cells |
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lysosome
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hydrolyzes material ingested by cell
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autolysis
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rupturing of lysosome in an injured/dying cell
releases hydrolytic enzymes |
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differences of plant cells (versus animal cells) - 4
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NO centrosome
cell wall (made of cellulose) chloroplasts many vacuoles |
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hypotonic solution
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conc. of cytoplasm > conc. of extracellular medium
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hypertonic solution
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conc. of cytoplasm < conc. of extracellular medium
cell shrinks |
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hypotonic solution
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conc. of cytoplasm > conc of extracellular medium
cell swells and bursts |
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brownian movement
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movement of small suspended particles through cytoplasm of cell via kinetic energy
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karyokinesis
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nuclear division
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cytokinesis
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step 6 of mitosis
cell division - cytoplasm divides cleavage furrow forms in animals/ cell plate in plants |
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interphase
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step 1 of mitosis
replication of chromosomes (2 sister chromatids with centromere) DNA uncoiled (chromatin) |
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chromatin
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uncoiled DNA
found in interphase |
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prophase
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step 2 of mitosis
chromosomes condense centrioles (in animals) move towards opposite poles spindle forms nuclear membrane dissolves |
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metaphase
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step 3 of mitosis
chromosomes align to form metaphase plate |
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anaphase
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step 4 of mitosis
sister chromatids separate |
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telophase
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step 5 of mitosis
nuclear membrane forms around new chromosomes chromosomes uncoil |
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meiosis
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produces sex cells
produces haploid (1N) number |
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synapsis (meiosis)
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intertwining of homologous chromosomes in prophase I
forming of tetrads |
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crossing over
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chromatids of HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes break and exchange EQUIVALENT pieces of DNA
increases genetic diversity occurs in prophase I of meiosis |
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disjunction
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separation of homologous chromosomal pairs
anaphase I of meiosis Mendelian law - distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells is RANDOM |
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types of asexual reproduction (4)
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1. fission
2. budding 3. regeneration 4. parthogenesis |
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binary fission
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asexual production in one-celled organisms (amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria)
1. DNA replication 2. division via cell wall |
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budding
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asexual reproduction of hydra and yeast
unequal cytokinesis |
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regeneration
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asexual reproduction - hydra, starfish, salamanders
regrowth of lost/injured body part |
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parthogenesis
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asexual reproduction - bees and aunts
development of unfertilized egg into adult |
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alternation of generations
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occurs in asexual reprod of plants
2N (sporophyte) --> N (gametophyte) --> 2N .... |