Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
|
The Study of the components that make up the "Musculoskeletal" machine
|
|
Biomechanics
|
The Mechanism through which the Musculoskeletal system interact to create Movement
|
|
Axial Skeleton
|
Consists of:
- Skull (cranium) - Vertebral Column (C1-Coccyx) - Ribs - Sternum |
|
Appendicular Skeleton
|
Consists of:
Shoulder Girdle - L/R Scapula - Clavicle Bones of the Arm: - Humerus - Radius - Ulna - Carpals - Metacarpals - Phalanges Pelvic Girdle: - L/R Coxal Bones Bones of Legs/Ankles/Feet - Femur - Patella -Tibia - Fibula - Tarsals - Metatarsals - Phalanges |
|
Joints
|
Junction of Bones
|
|
Fibrous Joints
|
Allow Virtually no Movement
i.e. Sutures of the Skull |
|
Cartilaginous Joints
|
Allow Limited Movement
i.e. Intervertebral Disks |
|
Synovial Joints
|
Allow considerable movement
i.e. Knee and Shoulder Movement |
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
The smooth cartilage on the end of Bones at the joint
|
|
Synovial Fluid
|
Liquid in the Joint Capsule that allows for lubrication and nutrient diffusion
|
|
Uniaxial Joints
|
Operates as Hinges
Rotates on One Axis i.e. Elbow |
|
Biaxial Joints
|
Movement around:
- Two Perpendicular Axes i.e. Ankle/Wrist |
|
Multiaxial Joints
|
Ball and Socket Joints
- Allow movement in all 3 Perpendicular axes i.e. Hip and Joints |
|
Vertebral Column
|
Made up of:
- Several Vertebral Bones - Flexible Disks |
|
Cervical Vertebrae
|
7
In Neck |
|
Thoracic Vertebrae
|
12
In middle upper back |
|
Lumbar Vertebrae
|
5
Make Up lower back |
|
Coccygeal Vertebrae
|
3-5
Inner tail of pelvis |
|
Origin (Muscle)
|
The muscles:
- Proximal Attachement |
|
Proximal
|
Toward the Center of the Body
|
|
Insertion (Muscle)
|
The muscles:
- Distal Attachement |
|
Distal
|
Away from the Center of the Body
|
|
Fleshy Attachment
|
Found at the Proximal End of a Muscle
Muscle Fibers: - Directly affixed to the Bone - Usually over a Wide Area for Force Distribution |
|
Fibrous Attachment
|
i.e. Tendons
Blend into/are: - Continuous with both Muscle Sheaths and Connective Tissue surrounding the bone |
|
Agonist
|
Prime Mover
The muscle most Directly Involved in Bringing about a movement |
|
Antagonist
|
The muscle that can slow down/stop movement
|
|
Synergist
|
A muscle that assists
- Indirectly in a movement |
|
Lever
|
A Rigid/Semirigid Body that:
- When Subjected to force (when actions does not pass through pivot point) - Exerts Force on any Object impending its Tendency to Rotate |
|
Fulcrum
|
The Pivot Point of a Lever
|
|
Moment Arm (Force Arm/Lever Arm/Torque Arm)
|
The Perpendicular Distance from the:
- Line of Actions - Infinitely Long Line passing point of application of force - Oriented in the Direction in which the Force is Exerted |
|
Torque (Moment)
|
The Degree to which a Force tends to:
- Rotate an object about a Specified Fulcrum |
|
Muscle Force
|
Force Generated by:
- Biomechanical activity - Stretching of Noncontractile Tissue Tend to draw the opposite ends of the muscle together |
|
Resistive Force
|
Force generate by:
- Sources External to the Body (e.g. gravity, inertia, friction) - Acts contrary to Muscle Force |
|
Mechanical Advantage
|
The Ratio of the Moment Arm
- Through Which an applied Force act to that - Through which the Resistive Force Acts Mechanical Advantage >1.0 allows: - Muscle force to be less that resistive force to produce an equal torque - Visa Versa On <1 |
|
First-Class Lever
|
A lever for which the muscle force and resistive force are on Opposite side of the Fulcrum
Force > Axis > Resistance "See-Saw" |
|
Second-Class Lever
|
A lever for which the Muscle Force and Resistance Force act on the:
- Same Side of the Fulcrum - Muscle force acting through the moment arm Muscle Force > Resistance > Axis of Rotation "Wheel Barrel" |
|
Third-Class Lever
|
A lever for which the:
- Muscle force and Resistance Force act on the same side - Muscle force works through shorter Moment Arm Axis > Muscle Force > Resistance Movement "Bicep Curl" |
|
Patella Function
|
Keep mechanical advantage at knee joint
- Keep Quad tendon perpendicular to knee axis |
|
Most Muscles Operate on what Type of Advantage
|
Disadvantage
- Cause a lot of injury because of exaggerated forces |
|
Anatomical Position
|
Body Erect
Arm's down at the side Palm's facing forward |
|
Sagittal Plane
|
Split:
- Left/Right |
|
Frontal Plane
|
Split:
- Front Back |
|
Transverse Plane
|
Split:
- Upper/Lower |
|
Acceleration
|
Change in Velocity Per Unit Time
|
|
Force =
|
Force = Mass x Acceleration
|
|
Strength
|
The Maximal Force that a Muscle/Muscle Group can Generate at a Specified Velocity
|
|
Power
|
The Time Rate of Doing Work
|
|
Work
|
The Product of the Force Exerted on an Object
and The Distance the Object moves in the Direction in which the Force is Exerted |
|
Work = (Equation)
|
W = Force x Distance
|
|
Power = (Equation)
|
P = Work/Time
|
|
Weight
|
Mass kg2 x 9.8 m/s2
|
|
Angular Displacement
|
The Angle through which an Object Rotates
|
|
Angular Velocity
|
An Objects Rotational Speed
- Measured in Radians/sec |
|
Rotational Work Equation
|
W = Torque x Displacement
|
|
Rotational/Linear Power Equation
|
Power = 19,600 J / Secs
|
|
Recruitment
|
Which and How Many Motor Units are involved in a Muscle Contraction
|
|
Rate Coding
|
Rate at which the Motor Units are Fired
|
|
Pennate Muscle
|
Fibers that Align:
- Obliquely w/ tendon - Featherlike arrangement |
|
Angle of Pennation
|
The Angle between the Muscle Fibers and an Imaginary line Between:
- the Muscles Origin - and Insertion |
|
Concentric Muscle Action
|
A Muscle Action in which the:
- Muscle Shortens - Muscle Force > Resistance Force |
|
Eccentric Muscle Action
|
A Muscle Action in which the:
- Muscle Lengthens - Muscle Force < Resistance Force |
|
Isometric Muscle Action
|
A Muscle Action in which the:
- Muscle Length Does Not Change - Muscle Force (=) Resistance Force |
|
Classic Formula
|
Loaded Lifted / BW2/3
Used to figure Relative Wieght Lifted |
|
Gravity Formula
|
Gravity = Mass x Local Acceleration
|
|
Inertial Force
|
an imaginary force which an accelerated observer postulates so that he can use the equations appropriate to an inertial observer
- To describe Inertia, in a non-intertia base |
|
Bracketing Technique
|
The Athletes performs the:
- Sport Movement - With Less than Normal - and Greater than Normal - Resistance Form of Acceleration Training i.e. Shot-Putter with Extra-Heavy Shot-Putt |
|
Force/Weight/Acceleration Relationship
|
When a Weight is Held in a
- Static Position/Constant Velocity It Exerts: - Constant Resistance - Only in the Downward Direction However: - Upward/Lateral Acceleration of the Weight - Requires Additional Forces |
|
Friction (Definition)
|
The Resistive Force Encountered when
- One Attempts to move an Object - Pressed against another Object |
|
Friction (Equation)
|
Resistance Force = Coefficient of Friction (for both objects) x Normal Force
|
|
Fluid Resistance
|
The Resistance Force Encountered By:
- an Object Moving through Fluid (Liquid or Gas) or Fluid Moving Past or Around - an Object - or Through an Orifice |
|
Suface Drag
|
Result from the Friction of a Fluid:
- Passing Along the Surface of an Object |
|
Form Drag
|
Results from the way in which a Fluid:
- Presses Against - the Front/Rear of an Object - Passing Through It |
|
Lordotic
|
Slightly Arched
- Better Advantage in Back - Avoid Back |
|
Kyphotic
|
Slightly Rounded
|
|
Ventral
|
Towards the Anterior
|
|
Dorsal
|
Towards the Posterior
|
|
Valsalva
|
Glottis Closed (prevents air escaping lungs)
Muscles of the Abdomen and Rib Cage Contract - Creates Rigid Compartments of -- Liquid in Lower Torso -- Air in the Upper Torso - Increases Rigidity of Entire Torso - Easy to Support Heavier Loads |
|
Specificity
|
Training is Most Effective When:
- Exercises are Similar to the Sport Activity, which improvement is needed (target activity) - Major consideration during Program Design - Observe the Sport Movement : -- Analyze Qualitatively/Quantitively to determine - Joint Movement |