Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
It is a general term that refers to all changes in the original shape, size, volume, or orientation of a rock body. |
Deformation |
|
Describe the forces that deform rocks |
Stress |
|
Stress that squeezes and shortens a rock mass |
Compressional Stress |
|
Stress that pulls apart or elongates a rock body |
Tensional Stress |
|
Arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section of the material. |
Shear stress |
|
The chemical bonds of the minerals within a rock are stretched but do not break |
Elastic Deformation |
|
The rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed. |
Elastic Deformation |
|
A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the shape of an object without fracturing |
Ductile Deformation |
|
Happens once the elastic limit(strength) of a rock is surpassed |
Brittle Deformation |
|
Happens when rocks break into smaller pieces |
Brittle Deformation |
|
Occurs when stress causes the chemical bonds that hold a material together to break |
Brittle Deformation |
|
Factors affecting the strength of a rock |
• Temperature • Confining pressure • Rock type • Time |
|
Structures as a result of ductile deformation |
• Fold • Monoclines • Domes and Basins |
|
The result of compressional stress that result in a shortening and thickening of the crust |
Fold |
|
Flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wave-like undulations |
Fold |
|
These folds appear to be the result of the reactivation of ancient, steep, dipping faults located in basement rocks beneath the plateau. |
Monocline |
|
Any large or elliptical structure formed by the fractureless upwarping of rock strata |
Domes |
|
It is a type that lacks clear-cut elongation that slopes outward in all directions from the highest part |
Domes |
|
A depression, or dip, in the Earth’s surface
|
Basin |
|
Structures as a result of Brittle Deformation |
• Fractures |
|
Two types of fractures |
• Joints • Faults |
|
These are straight or curving surfaces of rupture directly associated with the formation of a rock or later superimposed upon it.
|
Fractures |
|
Has no prominent or observable movement |
Joint |
|
With appreciable and observable movement |
Fault |
|
Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place
|
Faults |
|
Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata
|
Anticlines |
|
Occur in the upper crust to depths of about 10 to 15 kms |
Fault |
|
A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis
|
Synclines |
|
Folds according to orientation |
• symmetrical folds • asymmetrical folds • overturned folds • recumbent folds •isoclinal folds |
|
Symmetrical folds |
When the limbs are mirror images of each other |
|
Asymmetrical folds |
When the limbs are no mirror images og each other |
|
Overturned folds |
If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical |
|
Recumbent folds |
Has an essentially horizontal axial plane |
|
Isoclinal folds |
When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane |
|
Monocline |
Are large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata |
|
Flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wave-like undulations |
Fold |
|
Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata |
Anticlines |
|
A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis |
Synclines |
|
Domes |
It is a type that lacks clear-cut elongation that slopes outward in all directions from the highest part |
|
When the limbs are mirror images of each other |
Symmetrical folds |
|
When the limbs are no mirror images of each other |
Asymmetrical folds |
|
If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical |
Overturned folds |
|
Fractures |
These are straight or curving surfaces of rupture directly associated with the formation of a rock or later superimposed upon it. |
|
Joint |
Has no prominent or observable movement |
|
Faul |
With appreciable and observable movement |
|
Faults |
Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place |
|
Anticlines |
Arise by upfolding or arching of sedimentary layers and are sometimes spectacularly displayed along highways that have been cut through deformed strata |
|
Fault |
Occur in the upper crust to depths of about 10 to 15 kms |
|
Synclines |
A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis |
|
Folds according to orientation |
• symmetrical folds • asymmetrical folds • overturned folds • recumbent folds •isoclinal folds |
|
Symmetrical folds |
When the limbs are mirror images of each other |
|
Asymmetrical folds |
When the limbs are no mirror images og each other |
|
Overturned folds |
If one or both limbs are tilted beyond the vertical |
|
Recumbent folds |
Has an essentially horizontal axial plane |
|
Isoclinal folds |
When the two limbs of a fold are essentially parallel to each other and thus approximately parallel to the axial plane |
|
Monocline |
Are large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata |