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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What determines right from wrong? |
Ones religion, political ideology, pragmatic observations |
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definition of ethical |
conforming to the standards of conduct of a given profession or group |
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what does no harm to participants mean? |
no physical, emotional or emembarrassment to the subjects. this also means no harm to the researchers or a third party |
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an experimental participation must be.... |
voluntary.
this norm is easier to accept than to apply |
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anonymity
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protects the subjects name and information
example is web based survey with no log in |
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what is a problem with anonymity? |
assuring anonymity makes it difficult to keep track oh which sampled respondents have been interviewed because researchers did not record their name |
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confidentiality |
a researcher who is able to link information with a given persons identity but promises not to. |
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decieving people |
is unethical |
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Analysis and Reporting |
always report info even if it it negative or if mistakes were made
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legal liability |
two types of ethical problems expose researchers to potential legal liability.
1. making a field observation and you find a prostitute. you have to report that to the police 2. knowledge that research subjects have committed an offence |
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special problems |
certain types of criminal justice studies present special problems in addition to those we have already mentioned. for example applied research may evaluate some existing new program. |
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with holding of desirable treatment
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in a study if u have 10 plp receiving treatment for drugs while the others do a less effective treatment program, is that ethical? |
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mandatory reporting |
the federal child abuse prevention and treatment act of 1974, all states developed child protection agencies and adopted mandatory reporting laws |
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What is the belmont report? |
brief but comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human subjects (1979)
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What 3 principles does the belmont report contain |
1. Respect for people: must be allowed to make their own decisions 2. Beneficence: research should not harm the individuals and seek to produce benefits 3. Justice: The benefits and burdens of participating should be distributed evenly
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Institutional Review Boards |
GA and NGO's that have studies containing human subjects must establish review boards/committes known as institutional review boards to make sure that these studies are okay
1. makes judgement on overall risk to the participants. 2. |
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informed consent |
The norm of voluntary participation is usually satisfied through informed consent |
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special population |
federal regulations are put on human subjects include special provisions for certain types of subjects, especially prisoners & juvenilles |
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ethical controversies |
stanford prison experiment |
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classical experiment |
refers to the different ways in constructing research |
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Three major components of experiments |
1. Independent and dependent variable 2. pretesting and posttesting 3. Experimental and control groups |
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Experiment examine the affect that the... |
independent variable has on the dependent variable |
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traditional way to offset the effects of an experiment itself is to |
use a control group |
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double blind experiment |
purpose for double blind study so there is no bias from each side
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Selecting subjects |
Two basic decisions 1. Who will participate 2. How those particular members will be selected
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threats to internal validity |
conclusions drawn from experimental results may not accurately might not reflect what went on in the experiment |
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what are some threats to internal validity? |
history (significant event), maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection bias, experimental morality, ambiguous time order |
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construct validity |
is the correspondence between the empirical test of a hypothesis and the underlying casual that the experiment is intended to represent |
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threats to external valdiity |
what the type of results based in a controlled environment take place in nature? |
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External validity |
if the same test was done in a different environment with different people would the same results would happen in another place, or would the treatment be just as effective |
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statistical conclusion validity |
refers to whether we are able to determine if two variables are related (difficult when findings are based on small sample sizes) |
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4 variations in the classical experimental design |
1. The number of experimental and control groups 2. the number of variation of experimental stimuli 3. the number of pretest and post test measurements 4. procedures used to select subjects and assign them to groups |
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Quasi-Experimental design |
does not randomly select participants and might suffer from internal validity
put into two groups
1. non-equivalent groups 2. time-series designs |
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cohort design |
is a type of non equivalent group because cohorts are usually grouped together
eg. people who graduated in may, police officers in the safe class. |
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time-series designs |
is a longitudinal design that can determine cause & effect |
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classical experiments and quasi-experiments with large numbers of subjects are examples |
case oriented research |
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time series designs and case studies are examples of |
variable-oriented research |
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case studies are examples of |
variable oriented research |
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internal validity |
pattern matching, time series analysis |
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probability sampling |
the ability to examine a smaller sample of people and apply the same statistics to the population |
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Equal probability of selection method (EPSEM) |
all members of the population will have an equal chance of being selected |
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sample element |
is that unit about which information is collected and provides the basis of analysis
elements are usually people or certain types of peopl |
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population |
everybody |
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population parameter |
value for given variables in a population. example would be the average income of all families in a city and the age distribution of the city's population |
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sample statistic |
summary description of a given variable in the sample. used to make estimates of population parameters |
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sampling frame |
1. a list of the items or people forming a population from which a sample is taken. |
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binomial variable |
can only have two value |
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whastandard error |
s = sqaure root of pxq divided by n |
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Probability theory suggests that ____% of fictitious large numbers of samples will produce error of the parameter |
68% |
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confidence intervals |
68% percent is within one error of parameter or 95 percent in two parameters |
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the range from 40-60 is called the |
confidence interval |
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simple random sample |
researcher chooses all elements in a list for inclusion in the sample |
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stratified sampling |
obtains a greater degree of representatives which decreases probable sampling error |
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disproportionate stratified sampling |
a sample purposely non representative of a population |
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multistage cluster sampling |
advanced stage of cluster sampling. cluster sampling is dividing the sample into groups |
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probability can be ______ |
very expensive, complex and time consuming |
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non probability sampling |
when a group like car thieves is unable to be study . the given element is unknown |
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purposive sampling |
selecting a sample based on our knowledge of the population |
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quota sampling |
addressees the issue of representivness |
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snowball sampling |
type of non probability sampling. used in field observation studies. Getting a person to do a study then asking that person to get other people to join in on the study |
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targeted victim survey |
surveys that target certain cities or groups to prevent that type of crime in the future |
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Open ended questions |
the respondent is asked to answer there own questions |
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closed ended questions |
you are provided with certain options that u have to pick |
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questionnaire |
suggests a collection of questions but a typical questionnaire probably has as many statements as questions cause researchers are interested in the extent of interest respondents have |
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in a survey what kind of items are the best? |
short items |
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In a survey you should avoid |
negative and biased items/terms |
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matrix question |
strongly disagree, strongly agree |
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can the order of questions effect the answers given? |
frick ya |
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self administered questionaire |
mail survey method |
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acceptable response rates |
50% is good for analysis and reporting a response rate of at least 60% is good. 70% is very good |
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interview survey |
alternative method of collecting survey data. face to face interviews are best for complex questionnaires and other specialized needs. |
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what is the role of the interviewer |
it is harder to turn away a person standing at your doorstep than it is when they are phoning you.. decreases number of i don't know and no responses |
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familiarity with the questionnaire |
interviewer must be able to read the items on the questionnaire without stumbling over words
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coordination and control |
whenevr one interviewer administers a survey. both efforts have to be similar
1.training interviews 2. supervising them after they begin work |
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CAI |
computer assisted interviewing |
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telephone survey |
fast and relatively low cost |
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Three questions of surveying |
cost, speed and question |
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what is a focus group |
group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular product before it is launched |