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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Can thoughts and feelings be separated?
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Thoughts and feelings can’t really be separated, but they are for sake of coverage in this book.
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What is beneficial about hearing oneself talk?
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Hearing oneself talk about problems allows a client to understand him/herself better.
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What is essential about taking this slowly in session?
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Slow down, think deeply about issues, but not rumination (or corumination) or endlessly listing complaints
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What is the goal of a good session?
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Break problem out into pieces and discuss in supportive, nonjudgmental setting.
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What is cognitive exploring?
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Cognitive exploring – often pauses to check things out, voice tone varies, engaging to hear (vs story telling & rumination)
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What are restatements?
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Restatements - repeating or paraphrasing the content or meaning of what a client has said that typically contains fewer but similar words and usually is more concrete and clear than the client's statement.
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What is beneficial about restatements?
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-Can be tentative or direct.
-Can paraphrase what the client just said or relate to earlier material. Emphasis on substance or content rather than feelings or inner experience. |
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What is beneficial about summaries?
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-Summaries - often given at the end of sessions
-type of restatement that tie together several ideas -or pick out highlights or general themes -do not go beyond what client has said -helps focus a series of scattered ideas and clears the way for new ideas -reassures clients that helper has been listening -allows helper to check accuracy. |
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Restatements do WHAT?
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-Restatements help clients explore concerns deeply. Help clarify when they are unclear and focus when they are rambling or vague. Help support clients, allow them to talk, encourage catharsis.
-Generally shorter and more concise (cutting edge) than client's statement, focusing on most important material. -Focus on client's thoughts rather than those of other people or feelings. |
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True or false restatements are passive, but active attempts to capture essence of client experience?
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False. They're not passive.
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How do you know what's important to the client?
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-What client focuses on the most.
-What they seem most involved talking about. -What they have questions/conflicts about. -What is left unresolved. -Nonverbal cues can also tip us off. |
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When exploring thoughts what is important to remember?
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-Consistent with client-centered approach, need to listen at deep level to determine what is important for client.
-Focus on one piece of an issue. -Don’t have an agenda for what should emerge. -Don’t try to solve problem, try to hear story and facilitate exploration. |
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What are some examples of varying formats of exploring thoughts?
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Vary the format:
"I hear you saying . . ." "It sounds as though . . ." "I wonder whether . . ." "You're saying that . . ." "(keyword)?" |
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What are some potential difficulties when exploring throughts?
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Potential difficulties:
-parroting -restating only surface thoughts -feeling frustrated focusing on someone other than client |
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What is beneficial about open ended questions?
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Open Questions:
-Interventions that help clients clarify or explore thoughts -Don’t request specific information (not yes/no or 1 or 2 word answer) -Help clients talk longer & more deeply -Good when clients rambling, repeating, but not exploring -Clarify confusion, provide structure -Show helper is tracking and interested |
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What do open questions do?
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Open questions provide direction, point to exploring problem piece at a time.
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What do probes do?
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Probes for thoughts are a subcategory, make statement not ask question (“Tell me more.”)
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What is an example of a clarifcation/focus question?
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Clarification/Focus – “What did you mean by that?”
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What is an example of a thoughts question?
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Thoughts – “Tell me more about your thoughts on that.”
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What is an example of a feelings question?
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Feelings – “What feelings do you have about your mother?”
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What is an example of an examples question?
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Examples – “Give me an example of what you do when you’re angry.”
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What is a checklist of things to remember in session?
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-Tone of voice: Low and soft, said slowly, phrased tentatively
-Be supportive, nonjudgmental, encouraging -Short & simple -One at a time -Keep focus on client (not others) -Keep focus on current thoughts unless influenced by past experiences -Avoid “why”, use “what” or “how” -Be culturally sensitive |
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What are some common difficulties that we're going to see?
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-Using same format constantly
-Using only open questions (should intersperse with restatements) -Asking to satisfy curiosity instead of helping client explore -Asking multiple questions at once -Using closed rather than open questions |
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What is important to remember about closed questions?
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-OK if you want specific information
-Or for clarification -Or in crisis (to collect information for appropriate referrals, etc.) -Or for interviews, like academic advising -Remain empathic and encourage exploration |
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As humans what do we do to unwanted feelings?
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We often ignore, deny, distort, or repress our feelings because we believe them to be unacceptable
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What happens when we don't accept ourselves?
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We grow apart from our inner experiencing, don't accept ourselves
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True or false, feelings are at least as important as content?
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True.
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When is the best time to experience feelings?
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Best if experienced in here and now.
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What can expression of emotions enable helpers to do?
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Expression of emotions enables helpers to know and understand them.
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What are some things to know about emotions?
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-If accepted emotions, can become open to new feelings and experiences.
-May have several conflicting feelings about a topic. -If feelings not “accepted” may leak out, sometimes in destructive ways. -According to Greenberg (2002), anger, sadness, fear, shame, pain, and hurt seem to be most important feelings for therapeutic change. -Emotions can exist in layers (hard and soft emotions) |
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What are some cultural differences with expressing emotions?
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Cultural differences in expressing emotion and revealing personal experiences - might be more reserved or more demonstrative, have different experiences attached to feeling words.
-Some folks have hard time expressing feelings. Being aware of feelings makes one less likely to act out on them unintentionally (emotional regulation). |
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What is our most important skill?
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Reflection of feelings.
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What is the definition of reflection of feelings?
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repeating or rephrasing client’s statements with an explicit identification of feelings (can also go after reason for feelings
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What is reflection of feelings used for?
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Reflection of Feelings used to identify and intensify feelings, encourage catharsis, clarify, instill hope, encourage self-control.
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What are some benefits of exploring feelings?
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-Enabling clients to enter into internal experiences.
-Validate feelings. -Often difficult to identify and accept on own, difficult to articulate because they are sensations, often not fully understood. -Asking "how do you feel?" may stimulate defenses, feel threatened. |
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What are some benefits of sharing ones own feelings in session?
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-Helper can model expression of feelings.
-Labeling feelings help identify, show helper not afraid of them, accept client. -Demonstrate helper is actively engaged in trying to understand client, forces him/her to check accuracy of perceptions. -Reflection of feelings can indicate empathy, but can be unempathic. Sometimes other interventions can be more empathic (e.g., challenge). |
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What is the process of exploring feelings?
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-"You feel ______ because ______.
-Pick only most salient feeling, match intensity. -Focus on present rather than past feelings. -Allow time to absorb and process feelings (are multifaceted). -Keep focus on client. -Vary the format (can use metaphor). |
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What are the sources of various reflections?
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Sources of Reflections:
-Client’s expression of feeling -Client’s verbal content -Nonverbal behaviors -Projection of helper’s feelings -Reflections don’t have to be accurate, can elicit clarification. -(Recall, helper’s feelings can be empathy, general or idiosyncratic reactions to client.) |
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When do we focus on emotions?
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-Therapeutic bond exists
-Agree to work on emotions -Client avoiding feelings -Client behaves maladaptively due to lack of awareness of feelings -Client needs to reprocess traumatic experiences |
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When not to focus on emotions in a session?
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-Therapeutic relationship not strong
-Client feels overwhelmed by emotions -Client going through severe emotional crisis -Client has history of aggression, falling apart, substance abuse, self-harm, inability to regulate emotions, lack of coping skills -Client strongly resists expressing feelings -Not enough time to work through feelings -Helper lacks experience with distraught clients |
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What are some problems that a client might have?
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-Clients may feel too good and lose motivation to change.
-Spew forth feelings without experiencing them. -Can reveal more than they can tolerate. -Client may assume helper knows more about her/him than s/he does. |
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What are some common difficulties with beginning counselors?
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-Dealing with intense feelings
-Capturing most intense (salient) feeling to reflect -Separating one’s own feelings from client’s -Stating feeling word too adamantly, leaving clients with difficulty correcting you or expressing other feelings. |
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What kinds of things might be beneficial when disclosing one's own feelings?
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-How helper felt in similar situation, hypothetical, or how feels in response to client (here and now)
-Good for modeling, stimulate client recognition and expression of feelings -Normalize client experience -Avoid helper imposing feelings on client -Don’t use to meet own needs |
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When exloring feelings, probes and open questions...?
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Open questions (or probes) about feelings
-Most reliable way to have clients express feelings (by asking) -Vary the format |
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What are some goals for the exploration stage?
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-Put client at ease
-Help feel safe -Atmosphere where client can talk -Listen attentively to client -Observe client -Use attending, listening, observation skills -Help client explore content, tell story -Use restatements & open questions -Arousal of client emotions -Use reflection of feelings, disclosure of feelings, open questions about feelings |
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What does the reflection of feelings do for the client?
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-Reflection of feeling helps clients explore deeply
-Encourages client to talk (about feelings) -Shows support & understanding -Identify possible feelings for client |
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How do disclosures of ones own feelings benefit the client?
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Soft, tentative way to identify feelings
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What do you do if the client won't talk about feelings?
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Alternate reflections with asking open questions about feelings
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How do you gain focus or clarify client content issues?
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Use restatements
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How do you maintain flow of session?
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-Use open questions, follow with reflection, to show you understand and are listening, intermingle restatements
-Put responsibility for dialogue back on client |
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What are the benefits of closed ended questions?
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-Gather specific information
-For client’s benefit only (what will you do with the information?) |
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What are some important things to keep in mind as the session progresses and the client is telling their story?
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-Keep focus on client at all times, and on specific concerns.
-Fade into background as client productively explores (minimal encouragers) -Summarize at end of discussion, end of session, or beginning of session. "Does that fit for you?" Or have client summarize. |
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When does circling occur?
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-Circling occurs with too many closed questions or use restatements or reflections that:
-are focused on someone other than the client -are too global or vague -do not direct open questions to ask about other aspects of the problem |
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Before and during sessions you should use:?
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-Deep breathing
-Focus on client -Positive self-talk -Turn floor over to client when possible |
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What should be gone over in the first session?
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-Provide info about structure of helping process and explore client's expectations.
-Can self disclose about background/credentials. -Clarify issues of confidentiality (harm to self/others, child abuse, supervision) -Will be recorded, may be watched. -“Is there anything you want to know about me or the process?” -"What would you like to talk about?" -"What's on your mind today?" |
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During the first session the client is generally focus on content so you should?
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-Use restatements, then open questions as needed
-After establishing rapport, reflections, followed by open questions about feelings -Intersperse feeling oriented interventions with restatements, open questions. |
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When has the client explored enough?
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WHEN YOU KNOW:
-What is client’s problem? -What is motivating client to seek help now? -How does client think and feel about problem? -What does client do to maintain problem? |
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Is there a right or wrong way to help?
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No you must:
-Work to develop own style. -Use personal strengths |
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In terms of helper self awareness what are some internal cues to use?
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-Am I bored?
-Do I feel attracted? -Do I feel irritated? -Do I want to solve problem? -Do I feel anxious? -Am I trying to impress? -Am I acting differently than I should? -My personal issues getting tapped? -How can I keep them from negative impact? -Address in supervision with reference to work with clients. |
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What are some cultural considerations to remember?
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-Western culture encourages open examination of thoughts, feelings, self-healing, self-actualization
-Eastern cultures more collectivist -Client may prefer action to exploration -Don’t impose own values, but need some level of exploration -Don’t stereotype clients, more variation within a culture than between cultures -Check with client |
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What does be aware of your own feelings mean?
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-Inadequate attending and listening
-Asking too many closed questions -Talking too much -Giving too much (or premature) advice -Being “buddies” -Not allowing silence -Inappropriately self-disclosing -Discouraging intense expression of affect -Dissociating and panicking -Feeling inadequate |
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What are some common strategies to overcome difficulties as a helper?
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-Observe experienced/skilled helpers
-Imagery -Role-play -Practice -Deep breathing -Focus on client -Positive self-talk |
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Hans Eysenck 1952 article suggests which of the following?
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Counseling doesn't really work
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Developing a relationship with a client during the exploration stage is very important because this stage of the relationship allows for?
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The client to feel heard and cared for
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Select the best reflection of feelings from the following?
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You feel angry toward your professor for giving you…
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When using an open question it is best to?
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Provide a reflection of feelings or restatement after the question
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According to Goleman, ______ processing runs through the prefrontal area of the neocortex and is within conscious awareness?
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High road
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According to Greenberg, 2002, the role of cognitive processing of emotion is to?
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help make sense of emotion and help regulate emotion
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