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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The purpose of punishment as a public spectacle was
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both crime control and exhibition of the sovereigns power
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An example of corporal punishment is
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Whipping
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After the revolutionary war, Americans believed crimes could be
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eliminated
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The penitentiary was developed during the
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1830
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The invention of the penitentiary occurred because of
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The influence of the age of reason. A response to social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime. The growth of the surplus labor due to the industrial revolution.
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Lex Talionis embodies which of the following principles
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Punishment should correspond in degree and kind of the offense. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is a legal punishment. Punishment needs to be proportionate
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The practice of removing offenders from the community to another landwas known as
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transportation
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For the purpose of deterrence, which principles did Beccaria believe were most important?
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Both swiftness and certainty
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Wergild was gradually replaced because
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Citizens wronged by offenders demanded that fairness required some form of retaliation: as a result wergild was soon replaced by the principle of lex talionis. The use of capital punishment increased so dramatically that wergild was no longer needed since most offenders would receive a death sentence. Of the view that the peace of society required the public to participate in determining guilt or innocence and in exacting a penalty.
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The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was
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The Church
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The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as
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Secular law
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Benefit of clergy was extended to
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All literate persons
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The _____________ was born out of concern for sinfulness of sloth
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workhouse
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The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is
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the United States
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In New England the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles
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Religious
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Until the early 1800s most American lived
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Rural
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Ideas of Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by
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forces in the enviornment
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The ____________ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which
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Separate confinement system
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The "Congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the
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Auburn Penitentiary
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The first institution to embody the principles of Cincinnati Prison Congress was:
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Elmira Reformatory
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With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to
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the treatment of criminals
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Separate confinement was first implemented in
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Walnut Street Jail
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The penitentiary was to be a place where
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Offenders were isolated from bad influences in society. Offenders were isolated from one another. Where offenders could reflect on their misdeeds
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The opening of Easter State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of
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the separate confinement system
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The ___________ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentence, and parole.
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Reformatory
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The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the
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south
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In a retributive justice model those who commit a particular crime should be punished
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alike
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Among the stated goals of the correctional process as mentioned by the authors, which of the following does not overlap with the objectives of the other purposes?
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Rehabilitation
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The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the _______ and does not imply an consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crim
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Offender
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Experts usually cite _________ as reasons wrongful conviction occur
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Plea-bargaining pressures. Community pressure. Eyewitness error.
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____________ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished
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Retribution
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According to the concept of ____________, offenders are returned to society once they are cured.
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Rehabilitation
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Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison is
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Incapacitation
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Sentencing guidelines are designed to
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give judges a grab bag of sentencing options
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Legislatures concerned with the correctional goal of treatment prescribe an:
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Indeterminate sentencing sheme
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Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are
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intermediate sanctions
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Judges tend to __________ with one another in their sentencing decisions
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Disagree
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Restorative justice sees crime as violation against which of the following
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Victim and community
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Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is:
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Sentencing disparity
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A writ of habeas corpus requests and examination of legality of
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Confinment
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Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has
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Civil liability
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In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various __________ rights
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Due process
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Prior to the 1960s courts maintained a _________ with respect to corrections.
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hands off policy
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For most of United States history, the Bill of rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the
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Federal government
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Until the 1970s when the courts got involved penal institutions, most states
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Did no provide prison law libraries
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The first successful prisoners' rights case involved:
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Brutality and physical conditions
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With the exception of those working for corporate and nonprofit organizations, correctional personnel are:
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Public employees
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on entering a correctional institution, prisoners surrender most, but not all of their rights under which Amendment?
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Fourth
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The totality of conditions may be legally interpreted as
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Cruel and unusual punishment
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THe equal protection clause is found in which Amendment?
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Fourteenth
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One of the ways a corrections staff memeber can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to
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Keep good records. Get a mentor. Follow institutional procedures.
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During the last 25 years the supreme court has been ______ prisoners rights.
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Less supportive of
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What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City
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162 probationers per officer
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Most people would say probation
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Must change
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Probation was originally used mainly for
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first time offenders
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Which of the following is an argument for the centralized probation authority?
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Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times. IT is able to train staff for a variety of roles. It is able to implement broader program with greater equality in supervision and services
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The probation officer faces role conflict everyday. This conflict focuses around
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the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously
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Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus
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Home detention
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The medical model of probation was popular in which of the following time periods?
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the 1940s through 1960s
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The history of probation can be traced to:
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Recognizance. Benefit of clergy in England. Judicial reprieve.
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Between 1200 and 1827, English law:
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Discriminated in favor of the upper social classes
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Recognizance was first used in the same court by the same judge who
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instituted probation
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Recent interest in the problem of substance abuse has increased the attention given to _________ affected by drugs and alcohol.
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Probationers
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The approved practice for handling revocation of probation
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proceeds in three stages
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Drug involved offenders present problems and __________ to probation
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Opportunities
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T or F The industrialism brought about a shift from penal to economic considerations as the basis for punishment
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Tru
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TF
Under the law of retaliation, LEx talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member |
Tru
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TF
English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections |
True
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TF
The world ignored the develpment of the penitentiary in America |
False
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TF
Socail and political values greatly influence correctional though and practices |
True
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TF
Rationales for punishment are influenced by broad philosophical, polictical and social themes of an era. |
True
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TF
The United States emplys a national standard approach to sentencing |
False
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TF
All punishments are visible |
False
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TF
States have their own constitutions |
True
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TF
Consitutions tend to be very clear |
True
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TF
Prisoners have always had constitutional rights |
True
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TF
Since 1985, the US probation population has actually grown at an even higher rate than the incarcerated population |
False
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TF
Those on probation tend to be low level offenders |
False
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TF
At least half of all probationers have been convicted of a felony |
True
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Secular law is the law of __________ society
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civil
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A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will is known as the ______________ school
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Classical
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Until the 1800s, _____________ was authorized to house pretrial detainees, debtors and vagrants
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Jail
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The rationalist philosophy of Enlightenments emphasizes ________________
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individual rights
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The humanistic concerns of the ___________ helped launch penal reforms
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Quakers
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An institution intended to isolate offenders form society and one another so they could relect on their missdeeds repent and undergo reformation is called a __________
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Penetentery
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The medical model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require______________
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Treatment
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Progressives wanted to know the life history of an offender so that they could devise an _______________ treatment program.
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Individualiezed
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The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to a ______________ model of corrections.
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Crime control
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_______________ assumes that society can remove an offenders capacity to commit further crimes by detention in prison or by execution.
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Incapacitation
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Retribution espoiuses that an offender should be punished ____________ to the gravity of the offense.
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equally
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in Keeping with the goal of treatment______________ gives correctional officials and parole boards significant control over the amount of time an offender serves
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indetermenent
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A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a __________sentence.
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Determinent
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Laws passed by legislatures at all levels of government are known as ____________
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Statues
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Legal rules useually set by an agency of the executive branch, designed to implement in detail policies of that agency are _____________
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Regulations
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Legal rules created in judges decisions that serve to guide decisions in similar cases are called ______________
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Presedent
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Convicted offenders in the community do not enjoy the same _______________________ as ordinary citizens
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rights
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One technique used to determine whether someone is using drugs is _________________
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Urinalysis
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___________ is a drug that reduces the craving for heroin.
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Methedone
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PSI plays its most important role at ___________
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Sentencing
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Probationary status can be ________________ because of misbehavior.
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Revoked
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