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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
inform
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to share information with others to enhance their knowledge or understanding of the information, concepts, and ideas you present
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analogy
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a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations, which demonstrates how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands
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word picture
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a vivid use of words to describe a situation that invites listeners to draw on their senses
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adult learners
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individuals with a learning style that prefers practical, useful information that is relevant to their busy lives; they seek information that connects with their life experiences
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persuasion
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the process of attempting to change or reinforce a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior
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coercion
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using unethical force to get another person to think or behave as you wish; takes away free choice
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cognitive dissonace
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the sense of disorganization or imbalance that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns
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hierarchy of needs
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Abraham Maslow's classic theory that humans have five levels of need arranged in such a manner that lower level needs must be met before people can be concerned about higher-level needs
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attitude
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a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something; a like or a dislike
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belief
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a sense of what is true or false
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value
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an enduring conception of right or wrong, good or bad
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proposition
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a claim with which you want your audience to agree
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proposition of fact
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a claim as to whether something is true or false, or whether it did ir did not happen
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proposition of value
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a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something
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proposition of policy
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a claim advocating a specific action or change or policy, procedure, or behavior
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trustworthiness
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the factor in a speaker's credibility that refers to his or her being perceived as believeable and honest
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dynamism
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the factor in a speaker's credibility that refers to his or her being perceived as energetic
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charisma
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characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker
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initial credibility
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the impression of a speaker's credibility that listeners have before the speaker begins to speak
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derived credibility
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the impression of a speaker's credibility based on what the speaker says and does during the presentation
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terminal credibility
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the final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility after the presentation has been concluded
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deductive reasoning
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moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion
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syllogism
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a three-part way of developing an arguement; includes a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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causal reasoning
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relating two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more or the events caused the others
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ethos
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the credibility or ethical character of a speaker
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logos
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logical arguments
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pathos
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emotional appeals
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credibility
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an audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trust, worthiness, and dynamism
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competence
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the factir in a speaker's credibility that refers to his or her being perceived as informed, skilled, or knowledgeable
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proof
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evidence plus reasoning
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evidence
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material usd to support a point or premise
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reasoning
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the process or drawing a conclusion from evidence
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inductive reasoning
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using specific examples to reach a probable general conclusion
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analogy (reasoning)
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a special kind of inductive reasoning that draws a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that share some essential common feature
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logical fallacy
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false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate
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causal fallacy
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making a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events
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bandwagon fallacy
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suggesting that because everyone else believes something or does something, it must be valid, accurate, or effective
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either-or fallacy
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oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices
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hasty generalization
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reaching a conclusion without adequate supporting evidence
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personal attack
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attacking irrelevant personal characteristics of someone connected with an idea, rather than addressing the idea itself
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red herring
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using irrelevant facts or information to distract someone from the issue under discussion
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appeal to misplaced authority
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using someone without the appopriate credentials or expertise to endorse an idea or product
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non sequitur
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latin for "it does not follow"; an idea or conclusion that does not logically follow the previous idea or conclusion
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problem-and-solution organization
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organization by discussing first a problem and then its various solutions
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cause-and-effect organization
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organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects
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refutation
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organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments
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motivated sequence
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Alan H. Monroe's five-step plan for organizing a persuasive message: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
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visualization
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a word picture of the future
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positive visualization
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a word picture of how much better things will be if a solution is implemented
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negative visualization
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a word picture of how much worse things will be if a solution is not implemented; a fear appeal
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