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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Denotative Meaning
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The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
precise, literal, objective |
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Connotative Meaning
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The meaning suggested by the association or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
variable, figurative, subjective |
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How might you use denotative and connotative meanings each to convey your message most effectively?
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Connotative- gives words their intensity, arouses listeners emotions... poets use connotative words to enrich their meaning
Denotative- addressing a controversial issue and want to appear impartial |
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What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speech?
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Taking the occasion, audience, topic, and speaker into consideration
Don't offend the audience, avoid abusive language. Don't use weird metaphors |
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Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language?
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Not to offend audience
To include everyone To be more accurate Showing respect |
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Inclusive Language
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Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
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What are five usages of inclusive language which have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
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- Avoid generic "he"
- Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women - Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender - Avoid identifying personal traits that are unrelated to the topic exampe: Condaleeza Rice, an African-American woman, has had a major impact on US foreign policy -Use names that groups use to identify themselves example: use homosexuals, orientals |
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What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?
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Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
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What are the elements of good speech delivery?
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Doesn't call attention to itself
Conveys ideas clearly, interestingly Doesn't distract audience |
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What are eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?
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Volume
Pitch- inflections, monotone Rate- most 125-150 words per min Pauses Vocal Variety Pronunciation Articulation Dialect |
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What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?
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- Personal Appearance- keep with occasion
- Movement- dont pace or rock, before and after speech - Gestures- can add but can be distracting, try to forget about your hands - Eye Contact |
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What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?
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- go through preparation outline aloud
-prepare speaking outline - practice with only speaking outline - polish and refine delivery, mirror, friends - dress rehearsal under conditions as close to class as possible |
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What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? (2)
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-Formulate answers to possible questions
-Practice delivery of answers |
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What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the q&a session? (6)
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Clarify format
Approach with positive attitude Listen carefully Direct answers to the entire audience honest and straightforward stay on track |
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What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?
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Clarity
Interest Retention Combat stage fright |
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What guidelines are given for presenting visual aids? (7)
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Avoid using chalkboard for aid
Display where listeners can see Avoid passing among audience Display only when discussing Talk to audience, not aid Explain clearly and concisely Practice with visual aid |
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Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic?
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In most speeches, listeners are only vaguely knowledgeable
explain everything thoroughly so that they cannot help but understand simple, break it down |
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What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to your audience?
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engage them in intro, scenario
put listeners in body of speech you, your |
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What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?
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What is too technical to be explained in time of speech
jargon that is related to your topic |
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What does it mean to say speakers should personalize their ideas?
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dramatize them in human terms
stories |
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What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech?
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Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
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Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?
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-Ethics
-Objectives are more ambitious -Audience analysis and adaption become more demanding -Controversy |
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What does it mean to say that audiences engage in mental dialog with the speaker as they listen to a speech?
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Audience actively assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, reasoning, and emotional appeals
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What implications does mental give and take hold for effective persuasive speaking?
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must think about the audience's mental dialogue
anticipate possible objections put yourself in the audience's shoes |
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What are questions of fact?
Example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact |
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above will hit california in the next 10 years |
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How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech?
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informative speech- nonpartisan situation, impartial, teacher
persuasive- speaker is an advocate, present a particular view |
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What are questions of value?
Example of specific purpose statement for persuasive speech |
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation |
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What are questions of policy
Example of specific purpose statement for persuasive speech |
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
To persuade my audience to give blood through the red cross To persuade my audience that the use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is creating health and environmental problems |
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What are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?
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-Gain attention of audience
-Make your audience have need for change -Satisfy the need with a solution for the problem -Visualization- show the benefits with imagery ect - Action, tell them what to do and how to do it |
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Why is Monroe's motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?
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it is a specialized sequence that prompts listeners to act and gives them the specific instructions for an action
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What is credibility?
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The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
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What two factors exert the most influence on audience's perception of a speakers credibility?
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Competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject
Character- how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience |
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What is the difference among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?
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Initial- before they start the speech
Derived- produced by everything they do during the speech Terminal- at the end of the speech |
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What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?
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-Explain your competence- say why you are able to speak on the topic
-Establish common ground with your audience- listen tot heir values, relate to them -Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction |
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What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify 3 methods you can use to generate emotional appeals in your speeches
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Use emotional language
Vivid examples Speak with sincerity and conviction |