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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perception
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the process of selection, organization, and interpretation of the information we collect through our senses; what we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch. The sensory data we select, the ways we organize it, and the interpretations we assign to it affect the ways we communicate.
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Perception Process
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a process by which we take information in and seek to understand it.
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The 3 processes of perception:
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1. selection
2. organization 3. interpretation |
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Selection
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deciding what to select from available stimuli, attending to a narrow range...
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Factors affecting selection:
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- intensity (force - commercials are louder.)
- size - contrast (what we wear to stand out?) vs. blending in. - repetition (vote 5 now. vote 5 now. vote 5 now.) - movement |
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Organization
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- make stimuli recognizable.
- use schemas. |
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Four ways to develop schemas:
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1. cognitive representation
2. planning 3. interpersonal scripts 4. categorization |
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Interpretation
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- assigning meaning to stimuli.
- frame. - attribution theory. |
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Attribution Theory
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- attributional bias.
- self-serving bias. - fundamental attribution error. |
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Perception & the individual:
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a variety of the individual factors influence your perceptual processes and affect your selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
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Physical Differences:
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taste, sight, hearing, etc.
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Cognitive Differences:
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- cognitive complexity test - what is cognitive complexity? categories or constructs to understand human communication.
- constructs. - interpersonal constructs. |
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Personality Differences:
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emotions, outlook, and knowledge.
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The individual, perception & society:
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the position you hold in society and the cultures in which you live affect what you perceive and how you interpret these perceptions.
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How societal factors affect perception:
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- the role of power.
- the role of culture. - the role of social comparison: a. ethnocentrism b. stereotypes c. prejudice 1. ego-defense 2. value expression - social roles. |
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Ethnics & perception:
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if you perceive that someone is old and your stereotype of old people is that they are infirm, you may treat that person as a if she were a child - response that we regard as unethical because it stems from stereotypical thinking.
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Ethical obligations related to perception:
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- mindfulness (Ellen Langer)
- distinguish between facts and inferences. - perception checking. |
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Improving your perception skills:
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certain cognitive and communication behaviors can improve your ability to perceive and understand the world.
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Work toward improving perception skills:
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ask yourself:
- what might I have failed to notice? - have I engaged in faulty thinking? - has my physical condition impacted my perceptions? - has my cultural background influenced my perceptions? - has my social role influenced my perceptions? |