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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the abbreviations SRT & CRT mean in the context of cognitive psych?
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Simple Reaction Time
Choice Reaction Time |
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Complete the equation
CRT-SRT = |
Time to make a decision
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ID the 3 different research methods used in the study of cog sci & give an example of each.
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1. Behavioral (reaction time)
2. Neural (SPECT, PET) 3. Computational (wordnet) |
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Smith, in his study on how to improve memory, demonstrated that by _______ and then ______ info, research participants were able to memorize significantly more info.
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Chunking & Recoding
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T/F -There is finite span of immediate memory and for a lot of different test materials, the span is 7 items in length.
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True
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T/F - One bit of info is the amount of info needed to make a decision btwn 2 or more likely alternatives.
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False. 2 but NOT more.
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T/F - The asymptotic level at which humans are no longer able to increase input info is called channel capacity
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True
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T/F The studies summarized in Miller's 1956 article "Magical 7 +/- 2" generally fall in the area of experimental cog psych.
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True
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T/F- There are currently 3 main approaches to cog psych: experimental cog psych, computational cog psych, and neural cog psych.
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True
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T/F Cog psych's major contribution to AI is George Miller's work called WordNet. It was started in 1985 and is ongoing at Harvard U being carried on by his students & colleagues.
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False - Princeton
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The "Cognitive Revolution" was initiated by Noam Chomsky's critique of Skinner's book on behaviorism. Chomsky, interestingly is not a psych. He is a ______ and his famous critique was written in the year _____.
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Linguist
1950 |
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Define Cognitive Science including the multiple research disciplines represented in cog sci
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- study of mental processes
- includes cog psych, research on the mind w/in fields of computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, education, anthropology, AI, & philosophy |
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Which cognitive psych researcher advocated for the school of thought called "functionalism"?
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William James
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Which cognitive psych researcher developed the analytic introspection research procedure?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Which cognitive psych researcher discovered the "forgetting curve"?
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Which cognitive psych researcher wrote a seminal textbook called "Perception & Communication" that was important in the cognitive revolution
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Broadbent
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Which cognitive psych researcher conducted teh 1st cog psych experiment in 1868?
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Donders
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Which cognitive psych researcher is best known for creating the area of study called "structuralism"?
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Titchener
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What is Cog Psych & what other areas of psych are influ'd by cog psych?
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It is the psych study of the mental processes involved in cog & perception. It covers behavioral, attitudinal, perceptual, etc areas.
Influenced: neuropsych, behavioral psych, schema psych, clinical psych, etc. |
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What are the 3 memory processes?
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Encoding
Storage Retrieval |
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What are the 3 stages of memory?
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Sensory - seconds
Short-term- minutes LTM - up to unlimited |
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The statement, "Attention is a determination of the soul to know something in preference to other things" was made by:
a. Vives b. James c. Mackworth d. Liebniz e. None of the above |
d
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Describe Cherry's (1953) "cocktail party phenomenon"
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The ability to hear your name/distinguish the sound of your name amidst a sea of background noise/conversations
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_________ developed the first complete theory of attention, called the Filter Theory in 1958
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Broadbent
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The major challenge of the Filter Theory was that it
a. Used a dichotic listening experimental paradigm b. It did not take into consideration the filtering analysis of visual data c. It confounded attention w/STM processes d. It was too inflexible e. All of the above |
D. Too inflexible
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Treisman's ______________ Theory addressed the major flaw w/the Filter Theory.
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Filter Attenuation
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What are the 2 phases of Treisman's Feature Integration Theory (FIT)?
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1. Preattentive Stage
2. Focused Attention Stage |
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What were the findings of Michael Posner's classic 1980 study on "Attentional Spotlight" and what clinical implications do the findings suggest?
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That visual attention has a spotlight effect that preferentially process info w/n that beam.
Clinical implications: posner suggested this explained the clinical dx of spatial neglect |
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Name 3 of the clinical conditions we discussed that are affected by "attention" impairments
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Spatial neglect
Insomnia ADHD Chronic Pain |
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T/F The 3 core memory processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval
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T
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T/F : The 3 primary stages of memory are ST, working, & LTM
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False
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T/F Working memory has 3 components: primacy, recency, & attentional
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False
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T/F Explicit, conscious, & direct are all synonyms for "declarative" memory
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True
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T/F Procedural memory is a form of implicit memory
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True
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T/F Episodic memory refers to memory for facts and general knowledge
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False
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T/F The hippocampo-cortical loop is how STM is stored
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False
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T/F It has been suggested that frontal lobes are important in working memory
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True
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T/F Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to establish new memories going forward whereas retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall info for a period of time prior to a traumatic event.
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True
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Where do Procedural, Semantic, & Working Memory Take Place
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Define Creativity (6 factors)
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Intelligence
Knowledge Thinking style Personality Motivation Environment |
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What kicked off the more psychometric approach to creativity research?
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Guildford's Presidential Address to the APA in 1950; later created the Alternate Uses Test (1967)
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Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking
Fluency |
# of different ideas you are able to generate
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Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking
Flexibility |
# of different categories of ideas you are able to generate
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Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking
Originality |
The degree to which your ideas are unique/novel
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Measures of Creativity: Alternate Uses Test & Test of Creative Thinking
Elaboration |
The degree of the detail you were able to go into w/each idea
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Name 2 problems with the current measurement of creativity
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1. they don't capture all of the facets of creativity in a systematic, replicable, & structured manner
2. Tend to be very subjective (e.g. how do you define originality?) |
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Forster & Dunbar (2009) showed that a model of LSA measures was more successful in predicting creativity than a traditional scoring method. When combined w/traditional scoring, it accounted for over __% of the variation in creativity
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67%
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Latent Semantic Analysis
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sophisticated statistical model of language learning used w/large databases to categorize info
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What are the 5 theories of cognition & emotion that we covered in class?
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James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory 2-Factor Theory Cognitive Appraisal Theory Somatic Marker Theory |
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James-Lange Theory
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stimulus--> visceral reaction --> brain interprets as emotion
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Feel emotions --> feel physio changes (e.g. muscular tension, sweating)
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Two Factor Theory
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1. Experience physiological arousal
2. Interpret what response/feelings mean |
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory - primary appraisal
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we consider how the situation affects our personal well-being
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory - Secondary Appraisal
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when we consider how we might cope w/the situation
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Cognitive Appraisal Theory - 2 stages
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Primary Appraisal - consider how situation affects us
Secondary Appraisal - consider how to cope |
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Somatic Marker Theory
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Somatic markers link memories of experience (cortex) w/feelings (limbic)
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Flashbulb Memories
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Distinct, vivid, memories of shocking events, & assoc personal activities
-provide an intersection btwn personal history & actual history |
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Bower's Network Theory
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Theory of emotional experience stating:
Emotions are stored as propositions, are nodes in a semantic network, experiencing an emotion means activation of the network that spreads in selective fashion to assoc concepts -Nodes activated above threshold level --> conscious experience of emotion |
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Emotion & Attention
Weapon Focus & Easterbrook Hypothesis |
Based on eyewitness' inability to ID a perp when a weapon is used in a crime
Easterbrook hypothesis: attentional focus narrows in emotional situations due to arousal |
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Emotion & Attention
Basis of Weapon Focus |
-selective attention
-all items attended to equally but weapon remembered better -cue utilization (threat-arousal-narrowing) -unusualness/distinctiveness |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Performance is impaired by high levels of state arousal
optimal - "medium" level of arousal hard tasks - 'optimum' anxiety level is lower |
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Cognitive Interference Theory (Sarason)
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worry and self-preoccupation interfere w/performance
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Processing Efficiency Theory (Eysenck)
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processing efficiency = effectiveness/effort
-worry reduces efficiency |
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What is the impact of depression on performance?
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causes task-irrelevant info & poor effort/motivation to impair performance
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Discrete Emotions Theory
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-Emotions are distinct, unique states
-There are 8 basic/primary emotions (happy, sad, angry, fear, disgust, surprise, interest, shame) -look for response patterning in emotions |
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What are the 3 Major Hypotheses about emotions in the brain?
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1. R-hemi controls emotion
2. Each hemisphere controls diff aspects of mood (+/approach= left, -/withdrawal= right) 3. Automatic-controlled distinction (RH v LH) |
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Orbitofrontal Loop & Emotions
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Loop is involved in social & emotional functioning
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Result of damage to the Orbitofrontal Loop
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disinhibition
hyperactivity emotional lability aggressiveness reduced self-awareness |
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Empathy research grew out of the social psychology research in the area of __________.
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altruistic behavior
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Kin Selection
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ppl tend to be more altruistic towards family members as part of a selfish attempt to preserve gene pool
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Reciprocal Altruism
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altruistic bx motivated by hope that others will be altruistic in return later
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Reputational Advantage
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Bxing altruistically in order to look good to others
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Egoic Distress
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seeing others in distress can induce distress b/c of a process of imagining oneself in their circumstance
-ppl are motivated to help others b/c it means alleviating own vicarious suffering |
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What did Steblay (1987) find about altruistic behavior?
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Ppl behave more altruistically in rural v urban settings.
-doesn't matter where they are from, but where they currently reside |