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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
XS EDTA can cause ? |
LOW PCV & MCV
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SCID Hyperadrenocorticism, stress, steroid treatment, have what effect on lymphocyte level?
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Absolute Lymphopenia
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Aged samples may have low OR high MCV?
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Aged samples may have raised MCV (cell swelling)
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Inadequate centrif. has what affect on MCHC and PCV and MCV?
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Raised PCV & MCV,
lower MCHC (MCHC = Hb / PCV) |
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Life span of platelets?
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Life span a few days
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Is it okay to refrigerate platelets before counting?
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NO
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Younger platelets have higher OR lower MPV?
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Big platelets occur --> high MPV in thrombopoiesis or platelet neoplasm
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6. A blood sample was drawn and placed into a green-top tube containing Li-heparin. Which blood assay would be run?
a. CBC b. Glucose c. Coagulation profile d. Chemistry |
d. Chemistry
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8. Na-citrate (light blue) is used for which blood assay?
a. CBC b. Glucose c. Coagulation profile d. Chemistry |
c. Coagulation profile
CBC |
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Qualitative Buffy Coat (QBC ) analyser used for measuring?
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small machine gives accurate cell & platelet counts, & part differential WBC count
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These are examples of what type of stains?
Wright’s, Diff-quik (most common), Leishman’s, May-Grunwald-Giemsa |
Romanowsky stains
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name these sites on blood smear
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see pic
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Where best place to do differential WBC count on blood smear?
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monolayer
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Where on blood smear might u find microfilariae In heartworm areas of the world?
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feathered edge of smear
check with 10X at feathered edge of smear for microfilaria |
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CSF, pleural/peritoneal/pericardial, & joint fluids should be split and part placed into ____________________ (to preserve cell morphology) & part into sterilin tubes (for culture).
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EDTA
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33. Polychromasia & anisocytosis (RBCs unequal size) may be seen in animals which have been poisoned with:
a. Copper b. Iron c. Lead d. Cobalt e. Magnesium |
C. Lead poisoning, b/c associated with Polychromasia & anisocytosis due to inappr. RBC regen.
(actually pretty sure copper can also cause this, but only an in large animals i guess) |
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37. H-J bodies = DNA remnants of nucleus. Low numbers may be present in healthy ___ b/c spleen is not very effective in removing them.
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CATS
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intracellular protozoan causes IV hemolysis in cattle therefore causing “redwater” or reddish urine
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babesia
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45. T/F? Both intra-- & extravascular hemolysis cause hyperbilirubinemia
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False; extravascular
IV hemolysis more likely to cause hemogloburia and hemoglobinemia |
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60. Which is not a listed cause of Heinz Body anemia?
a. Copper toxicity in sheep b. Inorganic phosphate deficiency c. Tylenol (acetaminophen) d. Brassica e. A sh*t ton of plants f. T. cruzi g. onion |
f. T. cruzi
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Splenomegaly & hepatomegaly are the result of ?
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EV hemolysis?
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Dyserythropoiesis means?
Dyshemopoiesis? |
1. difficulty producing RBC;s
2. difficulty producing all blood cells |
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62. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria is the result of:
a. Deficiency of inorganic phosphate b. EIAV c. Liver infarct & the release of hemolytic beta toxin d. Isoimmune hemolytic anemia e. Babesia |
c. Liver infarct & the release of hemolytic beta toxin (Clostridium)
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Postparturient hemoglobinuria is due to ? (5)
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dietary deficiency in: Inorganic phosphate; also cold weather, copper def., too much water, certain plants
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Aplastic anemia?
hypoplastic anemia? |
3. aplastic anemia is no production
4. regeneration poor (hypoplastic anemia) |
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Most common type of anemia?
Is it acute or chronic? Source of problem? |
Secondary Dyshemopoiesis anemia, beginning outside bone marrow, chronic condtition
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6 causes of Dyshemopoiesis anemia
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1. Immune destruction of RBC precursors (rare)
2. Toxins like Estrogen 3. Neoplasms 4. Iron-deficiency 5. Iron sequestration from chronic disorder 6. infection |
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Name 3 things that can damage RBC, WBC or Plt precursors anemia or all. Dyshemopoietic anemia.
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Estrogen or Bracken fern (and Ehrlichea) affect on blood cell levels
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Cows have eaten Bracken fern. Which symptoms will you see last: for anemia? leukopenia? or thrombocytopenia?
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All are not being produced, but will see symptoms of anemia last b/c RBC life span longest (80-160 days), but WBC have lifespan of few hours.
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Causes of intravascular hemolysis? (3)
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Babesiosis, Clostridium hemolyticum (Bacillary Hb.uria), Post parturient Hb.uria (also get some extravascular)
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Animals with Bracken fern poisoning show what symptoms?
(skip until know else) |
high temp., septicemia (low WBC so bacteria come in)
bleeding from nose, mouth (thrombocytopenia) |
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Why does body sequester iron in BM (macrophages) during inflam. dz?
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Body acts as if it has bacterial infection
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Aside from anemia, offer symptoms of inflam.dz?
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Leukocytosis, Neutrophilia , left shift, high globulin (protein level),
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What is a left shift?
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appearance of immature neutrophils (band cells) in blood
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granulocytes?
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eosinophils neutrophils & basophils
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Mononuclear cells ?
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lymphocytes & monocytes
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Neutrophil granules are more prominent in ? ALSO called????????????
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rabbit, guinea pig, birds & reptiles aka “heterophils”.
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Neutrophil granules more prominent in large animals OR cats/dogs?
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Neutrophil granules more prominent in large animals
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circulating WBC’s vary with species, which has highest?
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pigs highest circulating WBC conc.; also very excited
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Neutrophils higher OR lower in young animal?
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higher in young
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Dogs, cats, horses which WBC dominant?
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Neutrophils
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In Ruminants & Pigs, which WBC predominate?
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– Lymphocytes predominate
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Which WBC pool lie dormant on walls of small blood vessels; release if excited ? What is this called when released due to adrenaline incr.?
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MARGINATED pool
“physiological leukocytosis”. |
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maturing pool called ?
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PROLIFERATING pool
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T or F: ALL WBC’s enter tissues & remain there
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~False: EXCEPTION lymphocytes which may recirculate back to blood directly, or through lymphatics.
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Pathological leukocytosis caused?
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* infection trauma/ burn autoimmune disease;
*Stress/Cortisone (effect moderate) *Bone marrow Neoplasia (eg MPD or LPD) effect variable – can be marked *RBC regeneration- effect usually mild/moderate |
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A higher proportion of marginated cells are lymphocytes in what species?
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CATS
(therefore with epinephrine release / excitment -> greater increase of lymphocytes in cats) |
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What are 3 things that happen to WBC levels when animal is given corticosteroids? (in sequential order)
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1. lymphopenia (esp. in cow - b/c major cell type in cattle)
2. mature neutrophilia 3. sometimes eosinopenia/ monocytosis (incr.) in dogs only |
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Myelodysplasia and myeloproliferative disorders?
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difficulty in producing 1 or more cell types
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Viral infections can decimate WBC’s e.g. ? (3)
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parvovirus & canine adenoviral hepatitis
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Viral infections can slowly damage precursor cells for example...(name 3 or 4)
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Viruses which FeLV, FIV, BoLV, BVD/MD;
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In what species is leukocytosis uncommon w/o severe inflam., but when occurs is grim prognosis?
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HORSE, leukocytosis uncommon but serious
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T or F: Inflammation causes leukocytosis in cattle; why or why not.
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False: Inflam. often causes LEUKOPENIA in cattle, b/c have small neutrophil pool which low/migrate quickly to site of inflammation
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T or F: Don’t rely on total WBC count in cow.
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True
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Inflam. leukogram:
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1. leukocytosis
2. neutrophilia (increased neutrophil release) 3. left shift |
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Regenerative left shift
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left shift + leukocytosis
(increase in circulating pool in severe inflammation) |
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Nonregen. left shift?
Characteristic of? Prognosis? |
*left shift + NO leukocytosis (no incr. in WBC); immature outnumber mature
*systemic toxemia, BM unable *prognosis bad |
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Inflammatory leukogram + monocytosis indicates?
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‘chronic/granulomatous’ inflammatory leukogram
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Neutropenia (decr. release) from bone marrow caused by ? (4)
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decrease in progenitor cells from some drugs, viral infections, neoplasias, Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
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4 causes of neutrophil decr.:
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1. Decreased release
2. Increased exit 3. Increased destruction 4. Shift from circulating to marginated pool; maybe in shock..why? |
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Congenital anomaly in man dog & other spp; granulocytes look immature but function normally. May cause healthy animals to have marked “left shift”
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PELGER-HUËT ANOMALY: granulocytes look immature but function normally
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome occurs in ? (3)
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in man cow cat;
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome characterized by? (4 symptoms)
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neutropenia & neutrophils have big granules; animals are infection-susceptible, ? albino, & bleed easily
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Neutrophil adhesion defect in what animals ? (2)
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Irish setter, Holstein cow
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Neutrophil adhesion defect char. by? (4)
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poor chemotaxis & recurrent bacterial & fungal infections; ? neutrophilia, left shift, hard to diagnose
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Neutrophil adhesion defect diagnosed how?
(skip until end) |
Neutrophil function test (difficult for small practice)
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autosomal recessive trait in S/Gr collies; 10-14 day cyclical fluctuation in neutrophils & WBC count --> inf.-susc.; also ? microphthalmia, GI probs
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Canine cyclic hematopoiesis
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Inclusions in neutrophils may include ?
(give 3 examples) |
Inclusions in neutrophils may include Bacteria, Ehrlichia Distemper inclusions &Hepatozoon americanum
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What is this called? If many neutrophils have >4/5 lobes
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NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION
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NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION indicates?
prognosis? |
it indicates presence of older cells & that production of young neutrophils is impaired
*guarded prognosis |
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Eosinophilia caused by (4)
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Hypersensitivity
Parasitism Addison’s ? Eosinophilic myositis ? Eosinophilic MPD |
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Basophilia caused by (2)?
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IgE mediated disorders
Mast cell tumor ? |
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Monocytosis caused by (3)?
(how do monocytes change?) |
Chronic inflammation
esp. if granulomatous Stress (in dog) Monocytic sarcoma *monocytes get bigger |