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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Liberation hypothesis
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The unconscious influence of value judgments on jurors
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Jury nullification
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Jury's power to ignore the law and decide cases according to informal extralegal considerations
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12 member juries: Williams vs Florida
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Courts used to have 12 member jury is with a unanimous verdict, the Supreme Court held that six-member juries didn't violate the Sixth Amendment which ensures accurate independent fact-finding; not everybody agrees
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jury list
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Names are taken from a variety of sources such as: voter registration lists, tax rolls, even the list of drivers licenses; excluding miners, people who can't speak English, felons, and recent residents
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Jury panel
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People from the jury list actually called for jury duty
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Straight pleas
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Defendants plead guilty hoping for a more lenient sentence after pleading guilty
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Negotiated pleas
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Defendants arrange some kind of deal for a reduced charge or sentence before pleading guilty
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Relevant evidence
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Evidence that helps prove the elements of the crime
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Prejudicial evidence
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Events whose power to damage the defendant is greater than its power to prove the government's case
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Hearsay evidence
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Evidence not known directly by the witness
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Jury instructions
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Instructions from the judge that explains the role of the jury the law and what proof beyond a reasonable doubt mean
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Jury deliberations
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After the charge the jury retires to a room to decide whether the prosecution proved its case beyond reasonable doubt
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Factual guilt
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Guilty in fact but not proven or provable in court
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Legal guilt
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Guilt proven or provable in court
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Retribution
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Punishes criminals for past crimes because they deserve it
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Prevention
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Punishes criminals to deter future crime
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Restitution
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Offenders pay back victims in money for losses they caused
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Restoration
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Aims to heal victims and restore relationships
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Culpability
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Assume the vendors are responsible for their actions and have to suffer the consequences if they act irresponsibly
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Special deterrence
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Teaches convicted criminals that crime doesn't pay
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General deterrence
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Send a message to people thinking about committing crime that crime doesn't pay
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Incapacitation
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confines criminals so they can't commit crimes while they're locked up
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Rehabilitation
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Aims to change criminals into people who work hard and play by the rules
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Determinate sentencing
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Legislatures attach specific punishments to crimes
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Indeterminate sentencing
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Legislature is set only the outer limits of possible penalties the judges in the corrections professionals decide actual sentence length
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Mandatory minimum sentence laws
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Offenders have to spend at least some time (the mandatory minimum laid out in the law) in prison
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Sentencing guidelines
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Fixed but flexible sentences based on balancing the seriousness of the offense and the criminal history of the offender
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Probation
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You substitute for confinement in prison or jail
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Parole
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follows confinement in prison
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Corrections
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The final stage of becoming a process incarceration probation parole or intermediate punishment
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John Augustus
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A Boston shoemaker who became the first probation officer who took in and "saved" Boston criminals by finding them jobs
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Probationers
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Legally accountable to the state and subject to conditions that limit their freedom and privacy
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Discretionary release
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Parole boards decide the date of prisoners released and set the conditions of their community supervision until their sentence expires
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Mandatory release
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Legislators and judges at the date of prisoners released in the conditions of their community supervision until their sentence expires
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Expiration release
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Prisoners are released unconditionally when their sentence expires
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Case study
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A professional collects information combined it in a unique way, mulls over the results, and reaches a decision.
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Risk assessment method
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A statistical prediction based on the seriousness of the crime offenders are in prison for and their criminal history
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Recidivism
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arrest, charge, or conviction for a new crime
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Technical violations
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Violations of conditions that aren't crimes
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Either/or corrections
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Convicted offenders are either locked up or put on probation
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Intermediate punishments
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Harsher than probation but milder than imprisonment they allow us to accomplish the mission of justice
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day fines
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Base fines on the daily income of offenders
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Community service
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Intermediate punishment that orders offenders to work without pay at projects that benefit the public
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day reporting centers
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intermediate punishments that combines high levels of surveillance and extensive services treatments or activities
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