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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sampling may be defined as the:
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Process of selecting a subset of the population to represent the entire population
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Bias in a sample for a quantitative study refers to:
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Systematic over- or underrepresentation of an attribute vis-à-vis the population
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Strata are incorporated into the design of which of the following sampling approaches?
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Quota
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Which of the following is not a nonprobability sampling method?
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Cluster sampling
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The sampling design that would be especially likely to yield a representative sample is:
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Systematic
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Which of the following types of sample is considered to be the weakest for quantitative studies?
A) Convenience B) Quota C) Purposive D) Systematic |
Convenience
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The type of nonprobability design that is most likely to yield a representative sample is:
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Quota sampling
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The procedure of weighting is associated with which type of sampling design?
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Disproportionate sampling
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A researcher used a probability-type systematic sampling plan. The sample size was 200. The sampling interval was 250. The first element drawn was 196. The second element would be:
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446
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Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?
A) Purposeful sample C) Judgmental sample B) Purposive sample D) Volunteer sample |
Volunteer sample
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Theoretical sampling is used by:
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Grounded theory researchers
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A sampling strategy that is diametrically opposed to maximum variation sampling is:
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Homogeneous sampling
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As qualitative researchers near the end of data collection, they may employ the technique of sampling:
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Disconfirming cases
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Samples of 10 or fewer subjects would be most likely to be found in a(n):
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Phenomenological study
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Sampling bias would be of greater concern in studying body temperatures in healthy adults than in studying their attitudes toward abortion.
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False
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The major criterion in assessing the adequacy of a sample in a quantitative study is the degree to which it represents the characteristics of interest in the population.
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True
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Random selection is a key concept in all types of probability sampling designs.
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True
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If a probability sampling design has been used, the researcher can safely generalize to the target population.
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False
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Systematic sampling involves the successive random sampling of units from largest to smallest.
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False
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In a quantitative study, larger samples are more likely to represent the population on the attribute of interest than smaller samples.
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True
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Snowball sampling is to convenience sampling what cluster sampling is to simple random sampling.
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False
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Each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected in a quota sampling plan.
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False
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Systematic sampling may be either probability or nonprobability.
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True
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The researcher hand-picks people to be included in a study in cluster sampling.
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False
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If a researcher posted a recruitment notice for a study on a website, people who responded would comprise a convenience sample.
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True
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Differences between population values and sample values are referred to as weighting errors.
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False
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In quantitative studies, power analysis is used to estimate the sample size needed to adequately test research hypotheses.
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True
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Populations that are fairly homogeneous with respect to the dependent variable require a smaller sample size for a quantitative inquiry than heterogeneous populations.
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True
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A major criterion for assessing the adequacy of a sample in a qualitative study is the degree to which a theory has been developed to adequately describe the population.
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False
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In a qualitative study, sample size decisions are often guided by the principle of data saturation.
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True
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The sampling strategy that involves the selection of extreme cases is referred to as maximum variation sampling.
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False
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Qualitative researchers often strive to purposefully select sample members based on emerging information needs.
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True
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In homogeneous sampling, the researcher deliberately seeks to increase variation in the characteristics of the sample members.
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False
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Qualitative samples tend to be small primarily because in-depth interviews are so time-consuming there is insufficient time for large samples.
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False
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What are the Basic Sampling Concepts?
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Population
Sampling Eligibility criteria Strata Target population Accessible population |
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The aggregate of cases in which a researcher is interested in is?
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Population
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Are populations restricted to humans?
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No
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Selection of a portion of the population (a sample) to represent the entire population ?
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Sampling
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What are elements?
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Entities that make up samples and populations?
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Selection of a portion of the population (a sample) to represent the entire population is?
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Sampling
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What is a subset of a population?
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sample
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The characteristics that define the population is?
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Eligibility criteria/Inclusion criteria
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What is Exclusion criteria?
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The population may be defined to exclude people who do not speak english.
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Subpopulations of a population is?
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Strata
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The entire population of interest is?
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Target population
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The portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher, from which a sample is drawn is?
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Accessible population
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What are the Sampling Concepts in Quantitative Research?
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Representative sample
Sampling bias Sampling error |
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A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population?
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Representative sample
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What is the main sampling goal in quantitative research?
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Representative sample
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Representative sample is more easily achieved with:
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Probability sampling
Homogeneous populations Larger samples |
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What is probability sampling?
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it involves randome selection of elements from population.
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What is Homogeneous population?
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population that exhibits no varibility at all. the elements of the population are identical.
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What is Sampling bias?
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The systematic over- or under-representation of segments of the population on key variables
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What is Sampling error?
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Differences between sample values and population values
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What are the 2 braod types of sampling plans?
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Probability sampling
Nonprobability sampling |
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What is Probability sampling?
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Involves random selection of elements: each element has an equal, independent chance of being selected
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What is Nonprobability sampling?
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Does not involve selection of elements at random
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What are the Types of Nonprobability Sampling—Quantitative Research?
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Convenience (accidental) sampling
Snowball (network) sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling |
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What is Convenience Sampling?
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~Use of the most conveniently available people
~Most widely used approach by quantitative researchers ~Most vulnerable to sampling biases |
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What is Snowball Sampling?
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Referrals for others who meet eligibility criteria from other people already in a sample. Used to identify people with distinctive characteristics.
Used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers. |
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What is Quota Sampling?
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~Similer to Convenience sampling within specified strata of the population.
~Enhances representativeness of sample and does not require sophisticated skills or alot of efforts. ~Infrequently used |
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What is Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling?
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~Sample members are hand-picked by researcher to achieve certain goals
~Used more often by qualitative than quantitative researchers ~Can be used in quantitative studies to select experts or achieve other goals |
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What are the types of Probability Sampling?
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Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling Cluster (multistage) sampling Systematic sampling |
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What is Simple Random Sampling?
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Involves random selection of elements from the sampling frame
~Not to be confused with random assignment to groups in experiments Cumbersome, not used in large, national surveys. ~Uses a sampling frame |
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What is a sampling frame?
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a list of all population elements
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What is Stratified Random Sampling?
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~Population divided into strata, then random selection from the stratified sampling frames
~Enhances representativeness ~Can sample proportionately or disproportionately from the strata |
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What is the most common procedure for drawing a stratified random sample?
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to group those elements that belong to a stratum and to randomly select the desired number of elements.
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What is Cluster (Multistage) Sampling?
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~Successive random sampling of units from larger to smaller (e.g., states, then zip codes, then households)
~Widely used in national surveys ~Larger sampling error than simple random sampling, but more efficient |
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What is the most common procedure for national surveys?
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cluster sampling
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The number of study participants in the final sample is?
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The Sample Size
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What is is a key determinant of sample quality in quantitative research?
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Sample size
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Sample size needs can be estimated through?
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power analysis
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Cluster sampling is often referred to as ________.
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multistage sampling
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What is sampling error/
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the difference between population calues and samle values
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What are the Methods of Sampling in Qualitative Research?
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Convenience (volunteer) sampling
Snowball sampling Purposive sampling Theoretical sampling |
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What are the Types of Purposive Sampling in Qualitative Research (Examples?
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Maximum variation sampling
Homogeneous sampling Extreme/deviant case sampling Typical case sampling Criterion sampling Sampling confirming/disconfirming cases |
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What is Theoretical Sampling?
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Preferred sampling method in grounded theory research
Involves selecting sample members who best facilitate the development of the emerging theory |
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What is Homogeneous sampling?
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Associated with Purposive sampling. involves a deliberate reduction of variaiton to permit a more focused inquiry.
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What is Maximum variation sampling?
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Associated with Purposive sampling. involves purposefully selecting cases with a range of variation on dimensions of interest.
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What is Extreme/deviant case sampling?
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Associated with purposive sampling. provides opportunities for learning from the most unusual and extreme informants
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What is Typical case sampling?
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Associated with purposive sampling.Involves selecting participants who will illustrate or highlight what is typical or average.
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What is Criterion sampling?
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Associated with purposive sampling. involves studying cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance.
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What is Sampling confirming cases?
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Associated with purposive sampling. Additional cases that fit researchers conceptualizations and offer enhanced credibility.
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What is Sampling Disconfirming cases?
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Associated with purposive sampling. New cases that do not fit and serve top challange researchers interpretations.
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Sample Size in Qualitative Research is based on?
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Sample size determined by informational needs
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A guiding principle in sampling with Qualitative studies is?
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data saturation which means sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and rebundacy is achieved.
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What are the Three Main Qualitative Traditions in sampling?
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Ethnography
Grounded theory Phenomenology |
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What is Ethnography?
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~Mingling with many members of the culture—a “big net” approach
~Informal conversations with 25 to 50 informants ~Multiple interviews with smaller number of key informants |
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What is Phenomenology?
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~Relies on very small samples (often 10 or fewer)
~Participants must have experienced phenomenon of interest |