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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nonspecific defense includes: |
The first and second line of defense |
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The first line of defense includes: |
mechanical, chemical, and normal microflora |
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What is the main first line of defense? |
Epidermis-when unbroken |
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What are the seven means of mechanical defense? |
1. skin 2. mucus membranes 3. lacrimal apparatus 4. saliva 5. ciliary escalator 6. epiglottis 7. urine, vaginal secretion |
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What does the chemical defense sebum do? |
Prevents hair from drying; protective film on skin that lowers pH |
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Give 3 examples of perspiration/lysozyme (chemical defense) |
tears, saliva, sweat |
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How do gastric juices behave as a chemical defense? |
They keep the pH between 1.2 and 3.0. Bacteria hates to be below pH 4 |
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How does transferrin act as a chemical defense against pathogens? |
Transferrin is an iron-binding protein that makes iron unavailable to the pathogen |
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How does normal microbiota contribute to the first line of defense? |
The presence of normal microbiota suppresses growth of pathogenic organisms
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What line of defense is phagocytosis? |
Second line |
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Low WBC count that is an indication of a disease |
Leukopenia |
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High WBC count that is an indication of a disease |
Leukocytosis |
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Large granules in cytoplasm |
Granulocytes |
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Name 3 types of granulocytes |
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
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How many lobes does a neutrophil nuclei have? |
2-5 lobes |
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Are neutrophils phagocytic? |
Highly phagocytic |
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When are neutrophils found? |
Early stages of infection
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Are basophils phagocytic? |
No |
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How do basophils help with second line defense? |
They release histamine, which is important in inflammation and allergic response |
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Eosinophils are somewhat _____________ against ______________. |
phagocytic; parasites |
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When do eosinophil numbers increase? |
During parasitic infection |
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Granules that are present but not visible |
Agranulocytes |
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Type of agranulocyte that circulates in the blood and is not phagocytic. |
Monocytes |
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Monocytes mature into _____________ in the tissue. |
Macrophages |
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Are macrophages phagocytic? |
Highly phagocytic |
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When do you see macrophages present in the body? |
Later stages of infection |
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Macrophages that roam around until there is a problem. |
Wandering macrophages |
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Macrophages that are part of the tissue, always present in the tissue |
Fixed macrophages |
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Kupffer cells(liver), Alveolar cells(lungs), glial cells(brain), Peyer's patches(intestines), the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow are all examples of: |
macrophages |
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Chemical attraction of phagocytes to pathogen |
Chemotaxis |
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Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganism with certain serum proteins. |
Opsonization |
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Pseudopods engulf microorganism, meet and fuse, and surround the microorganism with a sac called: |
phagosome |
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Where does the phagosome meet up with the lysosome? |
In the cytoplasm |
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What type of enzymes does a lysosome contain? |
Digestive |
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Phagosome and lysosome fuse together to form a larger structure called: |
phagolysosome |
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Microorganism is digested inside the: |
phagolysosome |
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S. Pyogenes protein that inhibits adherence |
M protein |
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Prevents attachment of phagocytic cell to self |
capsule |
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S. aureus; prevents digestion process (ingested not killed) |
Leukocidin |
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Four signs of inflammation: |
1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain |
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Systemic response to infection |
Fever |
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This is released by phagocytes and tells the hypothalamus to make body temperature high so that pathogen cannot reproduce. |
interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
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This pathway to the complement system happens when an antigen (on pathogen) binds to an antibody. |
Classical pathway |
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Pathway to the complement system activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen. |
Alternative pathway |
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Pathway triggered when macrophages ingest bacteria/virus, then release cytokines that stimulate the liver to release lectins (proteins that bind to carbohydrates) that bind to pathogen. |
Lectin pathway |