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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A lipoprotein made chiefly out of dietary lipids
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Exogenous lipids
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A lipoprotein that originates in the liver
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Endogenous lipids
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Chylomicron source and endogenous/exogenous?
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Source: Intestines (from dietary fat)
Exogenous |
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Chylomicrons are made primary of?
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Triglycerides
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VLDL source and endogenous/exogenous?
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Source: Liver
Endogenous |
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VLDL is made primarily of?
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Triglycerides
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IDL source?
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VLDL
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IDL is made primarily of?
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Triglycerides & Cholesterol esters
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IDL is intermediate between ___ and __
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VLDL and LDL
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LDL sources?
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VLDL
Liver |
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LDL is primarily made of?
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Cholesterol Esters
(Cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein |
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HDL2 sources?
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Intestines
Liver |
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HDL2 is primarily made of?
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Protein
Cholesterol Esters |
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HDL3 sources?
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Intestine
Liver |
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HDL3 is primarily made of?
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Protein
Cholesterol Esters |
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HDL2 & 3 mainly does what to cholesterol?
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Takes away from cell --> dumps from body
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LDL can lead to what conditions?
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Hypercholesterolemia
CHD |
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Proteins that bind to lipids to form lipoproteins, which transport the lipids through the lymphatic and circulatory systems.
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Apoprotein
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Apo A1 associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons
HDL |
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Major function of Apo A1?
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Major protein of HDL
Activates LCAT |
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Apo A2 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons
HDL |
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Functions of Apo A2?
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Primarily in HDL
Enhances hepatic lipase activity |
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Apo A4 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomyicrons
HDL |
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Functions of Apo A4?
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Unknown
(May transport proteins between HDL & chylomicrons) |
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Apo B48 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons
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Functions of Apo B48?
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Found exclusively in chylomicrons
Lacks LDL receptor-binding domain Derived from B100 gene via RNA editing in intestinal epithelium (losing LDL receptor domain) |
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Apo B100 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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VLDL, IDL, LDL
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Functions of Apo B100?
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Only protein of LDL
Binds LDL receptor (receptor ligand) largest human proteins |
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Apo C1 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, HDL
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Functions of Apo C1?
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Unknown
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Apo C2 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, HDL
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Functions of Apo C2?
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Activates lipoprotein lipase --> removes fat from fat carrying lipoprotein --> Deliver to adipose/muscle for energy
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Apo C3 primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, HDL
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Functions of Apo C3?
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Inhibitor of Lipoprotein Lipase
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Cholesterol ester Transfer Protein (CETP) associates primarily with which lipoproteins?
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HDL
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Apo D is primarily associates with which lipoproteins?
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HDL
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Functions of Apo D?
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Closely associated with LCAT
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Functions of CETP?
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Exclusively associated with HDL
Cholesterol Ester Transfer |
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Apo E is primarily associated with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, HDL
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Functions of Apo E?
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Binds to B/E receptors in hepatocytes
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Which Apo E allele is most common?
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Apo E3
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T/F: You need just one normal Apo E allele for normal clearance
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True
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Which Apo E allele is the non functional ligand?
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Apo E2
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Apo E4 is associated with what disease?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Which apoproteins activate and which inhibit lipoprotein lipase?
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Activates: Apo C2
Inhibits: Apo C3 |
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Apo H is primarily associated with which lipoproteins?
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Chylomicrons
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Functions of Apo H?
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Triglycererol metabolism
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Apo A lipoprotein is primarily associated with which lipoproteins?
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LDL
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Function of Apo A lipoprotein?
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Disulfide bonds to Apo B100
Forms LDL complex Resembles plasminogen Slows breakdown of blood clots |
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T/F: Apo A lipoprotein is very atherogenic
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True
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Chylomicron Metabolism Pathway
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Epithelial cells in intestine secrete Nascent Chylomicron containing Apo B48 --> Transported into lymph/blood --> HDL (syn. In liver) has Apo C2 & E proteins --> Gives to Chylomicron --> Activates lipoprotein lipase (on lumen of small blood vessels) --> Used for energy --> Chylomicron remnants (lack fatty acids) --> Taken up by B/E Receptors on Liver (via Receptor-mediated endocytosis) --> Syn Bile Acids --> Solubalize Cholesterol
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VLDL--> IDL --> LDL Cascade Pathway
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VLDL syn. In Liver --> secreted in blood --> lipoprotein lipase removes fatty acids (transports to adipocytes storage for fuel --> VLDL delipidated --> Transfers triglycerides to HDL/gives cholesterol --> IDL (lost C Protein; Has Apo E & Apo B100) (retaken up by liver) --> Delipidated --> LDL (cholesterol-rich) --> Takes cholesterol to cells for synthesis & membrane.
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Most of LDL is synthesized where?
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Liver
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Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
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Free Cholesterol diffuse out of cell --> Nascent HDL particle (syn in liver & intestines)--> Esterified w/ fatty acids (via LCAT) --> Transferred to VLDL via Cholesterol Transfer Protein (CETP) --> Uptake by B/E Receptor in Liver --> HDL taken up by scavenger receptors in Liver (has no receptors on any cell in body)
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T/F: LDL receptors are on almost every cell
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True
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Why does a cell need LDL receptors?
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Traps LDL in plasma to bring into the cell so the cell doesn't have to synthesize all the needed cholesterol
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The binding site of the LDL receptor contains?
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Negatively charged proteins
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The binding site of the LDL Receptor binds to what?
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The positive charge of Apo B-100 on LDL
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What increases the synthesis of LDL receptors?
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SREBP
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What inhibits LDL receptor synthesis?
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Statins (simvastin, lovastatin, movastatin)
Glucagon Cortisol |
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Increased intracellular cholesterol increase/decreases LDL receptor synthesis?
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Decreases
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How are foam cells formed?
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LDL floats in plasma too long and gets oxidized by free radicals. Crosses endothelium into artery wall --> Macrophages engulf LDL via Scavenger Receptor --> fill with cholesterol --> Becomes Foam Cell and releases cytokines/GF. Leads to atherosclerosis
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Type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Deficient/abnormal LPL
Deficient Apo C2 (normally activates lipase) --> Increase chylomicrons, low LDL/HDL, epigastic pain, turbid retinal vessels |
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Type 2a Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Defect in 4 classes of LDL Receptor
--> Reduced LDL clearance --> High LDL --> CAD/Plaques |
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Type 2b Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Increased LDL, Delayed VLDL clearance
--> Increased CAD |
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Type 3 Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Apo E2 homozygous
--> Xanthomas; High cholesterol --> CAD/plaques |
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Type 4 Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Elevated VLDL production associated with glucose/hyperinsulinemia
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Type 5 Hyperlipoproteinemia Defects and Symoptoms?
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Elevated VLDL/Chylomicrons (unknown cause)
--> Hypertriglyceride, Hypercholesterol, Decrease LDL/HLD |
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Familial Hyperalphalipoproteinemia Defect and Symptoms?
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Increased HDL
--> Beneficial for health! |
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Familial Ligand Defective apo B Defect and Symptoms?
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Gly--> Arg & Cys --> Arg mutations
--> increase LDL, normal VLDL/HDL Hypercholestolemia/CAD |
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Familial LCAT Deficiency Defect and Symptoms?
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LCAT absence. HDL unable to take up cholesterol
--> Decreased plasma cholesterol esters Abnormal LDL/VLDL |
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Heparin releasable hepatic lipase deficiency Deficiency and Symptoms?
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Accumulation of Tg rich HDL & LDL
--> Xanthomas/ CAD |
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Abetalipoproteinemia Deficiency and Symptoms?
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Defective Apo B expression --> No chylomicrons/VLDL/LDL
--> Malabsorption of fat; ataxia neuropathy |
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Familial Hypobetalipoproteinemia Deficiency and Symptoms?
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20 apo B gene mutations, low VLDL, low LDL
--> Mild/no pathological changes |
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Tangier Disease Deficiency and Symptoms?
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Reduced HDL. Normal chylomircons/VLDL
--> Elevation in VLDL |