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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the rate of reaction |
how quickly reactants are used up or products are produced |
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what is the activation energy |
the minimum amount of energy colliding particles have to have before a reaction will take place |
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what effect dies increasing concern traction have on the rate reaction? |
increases |
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why does increasing conc increase rate of reaction |
more reactant particles in the same volume lead to more frequent collision |
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what effect does increasing pressure have on the rate of reaction |
increase rate |
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why does increasing pressure increase rate of reaction |
less space between particles mean more frequent collisions |
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what effect does increasing surface area have on the rate of reaction |
increases rate |
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why does increase surface area increase rate of reaction |
more reactant particles are exposed and able to collide leading to more frequent collins |
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what effect does increasing temp have on rate of reaction |
increases rate |
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why does increasing temp increase rate of reaction |
- particles move faster leading to more frequent collins -particles have the activation energy therefore more particles follow through with reaction |
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a substance that increases rate of reaction but not used up in the reaction |
a substance that increases rate of reaction but not used up in the rection |
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how do catalysts increase rate of reaction |
loser the activation energy of the reaction so more collisons result in a reaction |
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what is a reversible reaction |
the reactants turn into products and the products turn into reactants |
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what is the symbol for a reversible reaction |
——> <—— |
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what is dynamic equilibrium |
the point in a reversible reaction when the rate of forward and reverse reactions are the same |
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in wat 3 reaction conditions that can be changed |
-concentration -temperature -pressure |
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what is Le Châteluer’s principle |
the position of equalilbrium will shift to oppose external changes |
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what is the effect of increasing the concentration of reactants on a reaction at dynamic equilibrium |
favours the forward reaction |
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what is the effect of increasing pressure on a reaction at dynamic equilibrium |
favours the reaction that leads to the fewest molecules |
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what is the effect of decreasing pressure in a reaction at dynamic equilibrium |
favours reaction that leads to most molecules |
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what is the effect of increasing temperature on a reaction at dynamic equilibrium |
favours the endothermic reaction |
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what is the effect of decreasing temperature in a reaction at dynamic equilibrium |
favours exothermic reaction |
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what is a hydrocarbon |
compound containing carbon and hydrogen only |
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how is crude oil formed |
over millions of years from the remains of ancient biomass |
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what are the alkanes |
hydrocarbons that only have single bonds |
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what are the first four alkanes |
1- methane 2- ethane 3- propane 4- butane |
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what is the general formula for the alkanes |
C (n) H(2n+2) |
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how does the boiling point depend on the chain length |
longer the chain the higher the boiling point |
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how does viscosity depend on chain length |
longer chain the higher the viscosity |
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how does flammability depend on chain length |
longer the chain the lower the flammability |
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how can the different alkanes in crude oil be separated |
fractional distillation |
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what is a fraction (fractional distillation) |
a group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths |
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name five useful fuels produced form fractional distillation |
petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oils, liquid petroleum gases |
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name for useful materials produced from crude oil fractions |
solvents lubricants polymers detergents |
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what is cracking |
breaking down a hydrocarbon from a long chain into a smaller chain |
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why is cracking used |
to turn less useful longer hydrocarbons into more useful shorter hydrocarbons (higher demand for them) |
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name two methods of cracking |
- steam cracking -catalytic cracking |
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what are the products of cracking |
short alkanes and alkenes |
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what are alkenes |
hydrocarbons with a double bond |
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what are alkenes used for |
formation of polymers |
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describe the reactivity of alkenes compared to alkanes |
alkenes are much more reactive |
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how can you test for alkenes |
when alkene is added to bromine water, it turns from orange to colourless |
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what is a homologous series? |
a group of compounds with the same functional group |
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what is a functional group |
a group of atoms that determines the properties of a compunds |
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what are alkenes |
a homologous series with a double carbon-carbon bond |
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what is the genral formula for alkenes |
CnH2n |
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what is the product from an additon reaction of an alkene with a halogen |
a haloalkane |
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what is the product from the addition reaction of an alekene with a hydrogen |
a alkane |
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what condotions are required for the addition reaction of alkene woth stream? |
-high temperature - high pressure - a catalyst |
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what are alcohols |
a homologus series with an -OH group |
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how are alchohols produced |
steam with an alkene or fermentation |
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what condtioions are required to produce alcholols by fermenting |
sugar solution with yeast mixed in, warm, sealed vessel |
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name the first four alcohols |
-methanol -ethanol -propanol -butanol |
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what are the products of a reaction between an alchohol and sodim |
hydrogen and an alkoxide |
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what is the organic product formed by the oxidation of alcohol |
carboxylic acid |
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name an oxidising agent |
acidified potassium dichromate |
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what are the carboxylic acids |
a homologous series with a -COOH group |
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what do carboxylic acids form when they react with sodium carbonate |
-salt -carbon dioxide - water |
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how are carboxlic acids produced |
oxidation of alcohols |
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name the first 4 carboxlyic acids |
-methanoic acid - ethanoic acid - propanoic acid -butanoic acid |
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what is the organic product of a reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol |
an ester |
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what catalyst is normally used in the formation of esters |
concentrated sulfuric acid |
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what occirs when pure carboxylic acid added to water |
a weak acid is formed |
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what are monomers |
small molecules that join together to form a long chain |
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what is a polyemer |
a very long molecule made of repeating units |
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what is a repeating unit |
the smallest part of a polymer that repeats itself thoughou the chain |
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what is polymerisation |
a reaction that turns multiple monomers into polymers |
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what are the two types of polymerisation |
addition and condensation |
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what kind of monomers are involved in addition polymerisation |
molecules with C=C bonds, such as alkenes |
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what kind of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation |
monomers with two functional groups |
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what other products are made in condensation polymersation |
water(normally) |
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what does n represent in an equation showing polymersation |
a very large number |
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what is a natural polymer |
a polymer taht is produced naturally by organisms |
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give 4 examples of natural polymers |
-polypeptidees -starch -cellulose - DNA |
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what are amino acids |
the building blocks for polypeptides and proteins, which have an amine and carboxylic acid group |
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what is a polypeptide |
a polymer made from many amino acids |
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what is a protein |
a polymer made from amino acids |
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which monomer makes up starch and cellulose |
glucose |
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what is DNA |
a molecule containing genetic information |
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which monomers are DNA made of |
nucleotides |
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how is DNA arranged |
double helix |
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in chemistry, what is a pure substance |
something that is made up of only one type of substance |
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what is the difference between the melting and boiling points of a pure and impure substance |
pure - sharp/one specific temperature impure -broad/occurs across a range of temperatures |
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what is a formulation |
a mixture designed for specific purpose |
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what are some examples of formulations |
fuels , cleaning agents, paints, medicine, alloys, fertillisers and foods |
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what is chromatography |
a process of separating coloured mixtures |
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what is the test for hydrogen |
a lit splint give a squeaky pop |
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wat is the test for oxygen |
re-lights a glowing splint |
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what is the test for carbon dioxide |
turns limewater cloudy id bubbled through it |
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what is the test for chlorine |
bleaches damp litmus paper |
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what is the test for alluminium, calcium and magnesium ions |
forms wite precipitae with sodium hydroxide solution |
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how can aluminium ions be distinguished from calcium and magnesium ones |
the white precipitate will dissolve with excess sodium hydroxide soultion |
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what are teh colour precipitaes are formed when sodium hydroxide solution is added o solutions of cooper (II), iron (II) and iron (III) |
- cooper (II) ions form blue precipitate - iron (II) ions form green precipitate - iron (III) ions form brown precipitate |
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what is the test for halide ion |
add silver nitrate and nitric acid: chloride forms white precipitate, bromide forms cream precipitate, iodine forms yellow precipitate |
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what is the test for a carbonate ion |
carbon dioxide gas formed on addition of acid |
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what is the test for a sulfate ion |
white precipitate formed with hydrochloric acid and barium chloride |
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what colours are produced by different metals in a flame test |
-lithium-crimson -sodium- yellow -potassium- lilac - calcium -orange/red - copper- green |
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what is instromental analysis |
using complex scientific equipment to identify substances |
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what are teh three advantages of instrumental analysis |
- rapid - accurate -sensitive |
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what infromation does flame emission spectroscopy produce |
the wavelength of light given off by a metal in a flame to identify of the metal and its conentration |
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what is the atmosphere |
a layer of gas surrounding the earth |
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what was the early atmosphere composed of |
mostly carbon dioxide |
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how did the oceans form |
water vapour condensing as the earth cooled |
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how did the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere decrease to todays levels |
-dissolved in oceans - photosynthesis -converented into fossil feuls -precipitated as insoluble metal carbonates |
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when did life start to appear, and what was the impact of tgis on the oxygen in the atmosphere |
about 2.7 billion years ago; amount of atmospheric oxygen increased as it was released in photosynthesis |
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how has the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere chagned over time |
increased slowly as it is a very stable molecule |
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why can scientists not be sure about the composition of the earths early atmosphere |
it was billions of years ago and evidence is limited |
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what is the current composition of the atmosphere |
-80% nitrogen -20% oxygen - 1% or so of other gases such as: carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases |
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what is a greenhouse gas |
a gas that traps radiation from the sun |
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what type of radiation do greenhouse gases absorb |
longer wavelength infrared radiation |
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name 3 greenhouse gases |
-methane - carbon dioxide - water vapour |
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give two ways recent human activites have increased the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide |
-burning fossil feuls - cattle farming |
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what is global warming |
an increase in the overall global average temperature |
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what is global cliamte change |
the change in long-term weather patterns across the planet |
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what are some possible effects of climate change |
-rising sea levels - extreme weather events - changes in the amount and time of rainfall - changes to the ecosystem and habitats - polar ice caps melting |
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wat is a carbon foot print |
the amount of carbon a product, process or person releases into the atmosphere over a lifetime |
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how is carbon monoxide formed and what is the danger associated with them |
-incomplete combustion colourless and orderless gas |
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how are particulates formed and what are the dangers associated with them |
-incomplete combustion; global dimming -respirtaory problems -potentially cause cancer |
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how is sulfur dioxide formed and what are the dangers associated with them |
sulfur impurities in fossil fuels react with oxygen during combustion; acid rain, respiratory problem |
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how are oxides of nitrogen forms and what are the dangers associated with them |
atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen react in the heat of a combustion engine; acid rain, respirtory problems |
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what do we use the earths resources for |
-warmth -shelter -food -feul -transport |
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what are some examples of natural resources |
-cotton -wool -timber |
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what are some examples of synthetic resources |
-plastic -polyester -acrylic |
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what is a finite resource |
a resource that will eventually run out |
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what is sustainable development |
development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of furture generations to meet their own needs |
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what are the 4 main types of water |
-pure water -salt water -fresh water - potable water |
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what is potable water |
water that is safe to drink |
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in the uk, how is potable water extracted from fresh water |
filtration and sterilisation |
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what is sterilisation |
killing microbes |
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what are three examples of sterling agents |
-chlorine gase -UV ligjt -ozone |
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how can potable water be produced from salt water |
desalination |
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how can desalination be carried out |
distllation or reverse osmosis |
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what are the three main types of waste water |
-sewage - agricultural waste - idustrial waste |
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what can waste water contain |
-organic matter - harmful microbes -harmful chemicals |
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what is the first step in processing waste water |
screening and grit removal |
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what is sedmentation |
seperating the waste water into sludge and effluent |
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how is sludge treated |
anaerobic respiration |
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how is effluent treated |
aerobic respiration |
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what is phytomining |
using plants to extract copper |
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what is bioleaching |
using bacteria to extract copper |
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what is a life cycle assesment |
a way of assessing the energy costs and environemtnal effect of a product across its lifetime |
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what are the 4 stages of a life cycle assessment |
-extracting and processing raw materials -manufacturing and packaging - use and operation during its lifetime - disposal at the end of its useful life |
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how can we reduce the amount of new materials manufactored |
by reducing, reusing and recycling products |
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in what ways can materials that are not recycled be disposed |
landfill or incineration |
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what is corrosion |
the destruction of material through reactions with substances in the environment |
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what physical barriers be use to protect against corrosion |
-grease - paint - a thin layer of metal |
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what is sacrificial protection |
adding a more reactive metal to the surface of a material |
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how is rust formed |
reaction between iron and oxygen (water aswell) |
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what are two alloys of copper |
brass and bronze |
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what are gold alloys in jewllery made from |
gold with copper, zinc and silver |
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what are steel alloys made from |
iron, carbon and other metals |
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what is a property of aluminum alloys |
generally have low densities |
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what is the main difference between soda-lime and borosilicate glass |
borosilicate glass has a much higher melting point |
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give 2 examples of clay ceramics |
pottery and bricks |
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what 2 things do the propeties of polymers depends on |
monomers and the conditions under which they are formed |
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wat is the main difference between thermosetting and thermosoftening polymers |
thermosetting polymers do not soften when heated, thermosoftening polymers do |
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what is a composite |
a mixture of a matric and reinfrocements |
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name two composites |
-plywood -reinforced concrete |
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what is the balance equation for the haber process |
N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 |
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what is ammonia used for |
fertilisers |
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what is the effect of increasing the temp of the Haber process on the yield, rate and cost |
-decrease yield - increases rate -increases cost |
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what is the effect of increasing the pressure of the Haber process on the yield, rate and cost |
- increases yield -increases rate - increases cost |
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what catalyst do we use for the haber process |
iron |
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what are the conditions for the haber process |
450 degrees, 200 atm, iron catalyst |
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what is a NKF fertiliser |
a formulation containing soluble compounds of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium |
