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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemistry
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Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.-- KMY
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Physical Properties
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A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.--KMY
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Physical Changes
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A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.--KMY
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Chemical Properties
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This relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.--KMY
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Chemical Changes
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A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.--KMY
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space.--KMY
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Homogeneous Mixtures
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These mixtures are called solutions and they are uniform in composition. An example is a salt-water solution.--KMY
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Heterogeneous Mixtures
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These mixtures are not uniform throughout. An example is a clay-water mixture.--KMY
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Element
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A pure substance that is made of one type of atom.--KMY
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Compounds
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A substance that is made from 2 or more elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.--KMY
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Periods
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The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table (also known as series).--KMY
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Groups
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The vertical columns of the periodic table (also known as families).--KMY
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Metals
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An element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor.--KMY
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Density (D=m/v)
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The ratio of mass to volume, or mass divided by volume.--KMY
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Percentage Error
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It is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100.--KMY
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Significant Figures
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A measurement consisting of all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.--KMY
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Atom
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The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.--KMY
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Proton
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A positively charged particle in the nucleus.--KMY
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Neutron
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A neutral particle in the nucleus.--KMY
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Electron
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A negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus.--KMY
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons of each atom of that element.--KMY
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element that have different masses.--KMY
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Mass Number
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The total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an isotope.--KMY
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Atomic Mass
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The atomic mass of any atom is determined by comparing it with the mass of the carbon-12 atom.--KMY
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Molecular Compound
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A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules.--KMY
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Single Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.--KMY
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Double Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.--KMY
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Triple Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.--KMY
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Ionic Compound
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This is composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal.--KMY
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Polyatomic Ions
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A charged group of covalently bonded atoms.--KMY
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Molecular Geometry
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The three-dimensional arrangement of a molecule’s atoms.--KMY
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VSEPR Theory
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It is used to predict the geometries of more-complicated molecules, one must consider the locations of all electron pairs surrounding the bonding atoms.--KMY
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Anions
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Negative ions.--KMY
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Cations
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Positive ions.--KMY
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Binary Ionic Compounds
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Compounds composed of two elements.--KMY
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Oxidation Numbers
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These can be assigned to atoms in order to keep track of electron distributions in molecular as well as ionic compounds.--KMY
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Gram Formula Mass
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Of any molecule, formula unit, or ion it is the sum of the average atomic masses of all atoms represented in its formula.--KMY
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Alkali Metals
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The elements of Group 1 of the periodic table.--KMY
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Alkaline Earths
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The elements of Group 2 of the periodic table.--KMY
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Transition Elements/D-Block
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The d-block elements are metals with typical metallic properties.--KMY
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P-Block
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It consists of all the elements of Groups 13–18 except helium.--KMY
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Halogens
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The elements of Group 17.--KMY
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Atomic Radius
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One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together.--KMY
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Ion
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An atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge.--KMY
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Valence Electrons
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The electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds.--KMY
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S-Block
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Group 1 and 2 on the periodic table.--KMY
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F-Block
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Elements at the bottom that are separated from the rest of the table.--KMY
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Covalent Compound
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When two atoms form a covalent bond, their shared electrons form overlapping orbitals.--KMY
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Mono
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1
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Di
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2
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Tri
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3
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Tetra
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4
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Penta
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5
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Hexa
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6
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Hepta
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7
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Octa
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8
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Nona
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9
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Deca
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10
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Diatomic Molecules
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These are molecules composed only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.--KMY
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Non-Metals
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An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.--KMY
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Noble Gases
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Elements in Group 18 of the periodic table.--KMY
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
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All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.--KMY
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Thomsen
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Thomson’s cathode-ray tube experiments measured the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron.--KMY
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Rutherford
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He provided more detail about the atom structure and he called the positive bundle of matter the nucleus.--KMY
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Chadwick
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He discovered neutrons in the atom.--KMY
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Ternary Ionic Compounds
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A compound composed of at least three different types of atoms usually a metal and a polyatomic ion which are ionically bonded.--KMY
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Polar Molecule
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A molecule in which the centroid of the positive charges is different from the centroid of the negative charges.--KMY
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Non-polar Molecule
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A molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed.--KMY
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Chemical Symbols
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A notation for one of the chemical elements, consisting of letters.--KMY
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Bond Angles
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The angle that is formed between two adjacent bonds on the same atom.--KMY
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Inner-Transition Metals
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They are two series of elements known as the lanthanides and actinides.--KMY
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