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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When a reaction is performed in zero order kenetics |
The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration |
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Activation energy is |
Decreased by enzymes |
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Enzyme reaction rates are imcreased by increasing temperature until they reach the point of denaturation at |
40-60 degrees C Optimal temp 37 degrees C |
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An example of using enzymes as reagents in the clinical lab is |
The hexokinase glucose method |
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Activity of enzymes in serum maybe determined rather than concentration because |
The amount of enzyme is too low to measure |
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Which CK isoenzyme is elevated in muscle diseases |
CK-MM |
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Elevation of serum amylase & lipase is commonly seen in |
Acute pancreatitis |
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The saccharogenic method for amylase determinations measures |
The amount of product produced |
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Elevation of tissue enzymes in serum may be used to detect |
Tissue necrosis or damage |
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Which of the foll errors is the most common cause of false increases in serum enzyme measurements |
The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hr **hemolysis truly #1 |
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Which isoenzyme will be most abundant during a heart attack |
LD1 |
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When differentiating liver from bone disease which enzyme levels will be most useful |
ALP |
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Normal |
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Multiple myeloma -peak in the gamma region -increased IgG (k or l chains) |
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Nephophic syndrome -kidney disease -albumin decreased |
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Inflammatory condition -albumin decreased Increase in: -A1 antitrypsin -A2 ceruloplasmin -Haptoglobin -burns -trauma -infarction -chronic infection |
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Liver disease -decreased albumin -beta-Gamma bridging -hepatitis, alcoholism |
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-A1 Antitrypsin deficiency -decrease in a1 band |
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Hyaline cast |
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Granular cast |
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Red blood cell casts in urine |
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WBC cast in urine |
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Renal threshold |
>180 |
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Plasma protein determination in CSF |
CSF/serum albumin index = CSF albumin (mg/dL)/serum albumin (g/dL) |
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Which of the foll acute-phase reactant proteins decreases during inflammation |
Transferrin |
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Which refers to the 3D spatial configuration of a single polypeptide chain determined by disulfide linkages, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions & van der Waals forces |
Tertiary structure |
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Which plasma protein is primary responsible for maintaining in vivo colloidal osmotic pressure |
Albumin |
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Which best describes a peptide bond |
An amino group bonded to a carboxyl group of another amino acid |
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Which results would correlate best with malnutrition & a poor protein-caloric status |
Decreased prealbumin |
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Which conditions would correlate best with a normal level of myoglobin |
Multiple myeloma |
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An immunofoxation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern would most likely reveal which of the foll |
An IgG monoclonal band |
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Which of the foll would indicate a plasma specimen was used for protein electrophoresis instead of serum |
A small peak between the Beta & gamma globulins |
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Which condition would correlate best with serum protein electrophoresis results below |
Albumin: decreased A1-globulins: increased A2-globulins: increased B-globulins: normal Y-globulins: normal a. Acute inflammation |
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Which condition would correlate best with the presence of distinct oligoclonal bands in the Y-zone on CSF protein electrophoresis |
Multiple sclerosis |
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When a protein is dissolved in a buffer solution that is more alkaline than its pI & an electric current is passed through the solution, the protein will act as |
An anion & migrate to the anode |
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Which conditions would correlate best with an elevated serum total protein with high levels of both albumin & globulins |
Dehydration |
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Which urine total protein results would correlate best with a patient with nephrotic syndrome |
Higher than normal |
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Isoelectric focusing is used to phenotype a1-antitrypsin deficiencies. When protein is electrophoresed, it migrates to which of the foll |
The site where the pH is the same as its pI |
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A CSF-serum albumin ratio of 9.8 was reported. How is this best interpreted |
The blood-brain barrier may be compromised |
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Which of the foll CSF proteins would be measured when investigating active demyelination in multiple sclerosis |
Myelin basic protein |
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Which of the foll is not an NPN substance |
Allatoin |
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Which compound constitutes nearly half of the NPN substances in the blood |
Urea |
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A technologist reports blood urea N of 9 mg/dL. What is the urea concentration for this sample |
19.3 mg/dL 9 × 2.14 |
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Which blood collection tube additive can be used to collect a specimen for measurement of urea |
Lithium heparin |
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In the clinical lab, urea N is measured most often using |
Enzymatic reactions |
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Elevated blood urea concentration is termed |
Azotemia |
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Prerenal azotemia is caused by |
Congestive heart failure |
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A technologist obtains blood urea N value of 18 mg/dL & a serum creatinine value of 2.5 mg/dL (normal 0.9-1.3) on a patient. These results indicate |
Urinary tract obstruction BUN range 6-20 |
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Uric acid is the final product of |
Purine metabolism |
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Sources of error in measurement of uric acid include |
Assay interference |
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Which condition is not associated with elevated plasma uric acid concentration |
Allopurinol overtreatment (gout meds) |
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Complete deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase results in which of the foll |
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome |
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Uric acid nephrolithiasis refers to |
Precipitation of urates in the urinary tract |
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45 year old male Intense joint pain Inflammation & redness Serum uric acid conc done Which result is consistent? |
Uric acid 9.1 mg/dL; gout |
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Which statement describes creatinine biosythesis |
Creatine phosphate undergoes spontaneous cyclization to form creatin ine |
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Substances known to increase results when measuring creatinine by the Jaffe reaction include all except |
Bilirubin |
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In the Jaffe reaction, a red-orange chromogen is formed when creatinine reacts with |
Picric acid |
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Creatinine excretion typically |
Is highest for adult men aged 18-50 years (muscle mass) |
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Use of serum creatinine to calculate GFR |
Is encouraged as a means to identify kidney disease & improve patient care |
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Which factor must be considered for calculation of creatinine clearance using the MDRD equation |
Identification of ethnicity |
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Which situation would be expected to falsely increase measured blood ammonia concentration |
The patient smoked 2 cigarettes 15 mins prior to phlebotomy |
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Although arterial blood is the recommended specimen for determination of this analyte, its is seldom used |
Ammonia |
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Toxic effects of elevated blood amonia concentration include |
Mental status changes & coma |
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Ammonia concentrations are measured to evaluate |
Hepatic encephalopathy |
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Ammonia concentration correlates with disease severity & prognosis for |
Reyes syndrome |