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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Image of chromosomes arranged by pair according to their size, shape and banding patterns |
Karyotype |
Imaging |
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Cell condition where two of each type of chromosomes are present |
Diploid |
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Cell condition where only one of each type of chromosome is present |
Haploid |
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What we call any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes |
Autosome |
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Males have and x and y and females have double x of this |
Sex chromosomes |
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Member of a pair of chromosomes that are alike and come together in synapsis during prophase of the first mioetic division |
Homologous chromosome |
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Alternative form of a gene. Occurs at same locus on homologous chromosomes |
Alleles |
Gene |
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Recurring pattern of genetically programmed events in which individuals grow, develop, maintain themselves and reproduce |
Life cycle |
Grow, develop, maintain themselves |
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Production of sperm in males by process of mieosis and maturation |
Spermatogenesis |
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Production of eggs in females by process of meiosis and maturation |
Oogenesis |
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Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes |
Zygote |
Sperm and egg merge |
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Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I |
Synapsis |
During meiosis I |
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The chromatids that are not physically connected but homologous pairs |
Nonsister chromatids |
Non touch chromatids when the homologous pairs line up during synapsis |
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Exchange of information by nonsister chromatids |
Crossing-over |
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Why do organisms use meiosis rather than mitosis? |
They use it for reproduction because it reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Creates genetic diversity |
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Summary of mitosis and meiosis in the human life cycle |
Gametes are produced by meiosis. Haploid Sperm fertilizes haploid egg to form diploid zygote Zygote divides by mitosis to grow |
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Explain relationship between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes |
Homologous chromosomes are the same chromosomes from each parent During cell cycle each homologous chromosome duplicates to form two identical sister chromatids |
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Describe two ways in which meiosis produces two genetically different gametes. Why is this important? |
Crossing over Shuffling of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I Basis of evolution |
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What happens during meiosis I prophase I? |
Nuclear envelope breaks Nucleolus disappeaes Spindle appears Chromosomes condense Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis Crossing over happens between nonsister chromatids |
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What happens during meiosis I metaphase I? |
Homologous chromosomes align at spindle equator Each homologous chromosome faces a different spindle pole |
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What happens during meiosis I anaphase I? |
Homologous chromosomes separate Reformation of nuclear envelope Daughter nuclei are haploid, contain only 23 chromosomes No DNA replication occurs |
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A phase between meiosis I and II where no DNA replication occurs |
Interkinesis |
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What happens in meiosis II prophase II? |
Nuclear envelope breaks Nucleolus disappears Spindle appears Chromosomes attach to spindle |
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What happens during meiosis II metaphase II? |
Chromosomes line up at spindle equator Sister chromatids face opposite spindle poles |
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What happens in meiosis II anaphase II? |
Sister chromatids separate Sister chromatids move toward opposite spindle poles Both poles receive same number of chromatids |
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What happens during meiosis II telophase II? |
Spindle disappears Nuclear envelope forms |
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The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during metaphase I or sister chromatids during metaphase II during meiosis |
Nondisjunction |
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One type of chromosome being present in 3 copies |
Trisomy |
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Only one copy of a type of chromosome being present |
Monosomy |
22 chromosomes instead of 23 |
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Another name for trisomy 21 |
Down syndrome |
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specialized process of cell division that produces four genetically-different daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
meiosis |
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forming of a cell after meiosis by splitting apart the cytoplasm |
cytokinesis |
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Genetic material is replicated only once during meiosis |
true |
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Chromosome segregation and cytokinesis happens twice during meiosis |
true |
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meiosis results in one nucleus dividing to produce four daughter nuclei with half the number of chromosomes |
true |
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These two process generate genetic variability during meiosis |
crossing over independent assortment |
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What are the 4 phases of meiosis I? |
prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I |
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What is the travel path for oocytes? |
small primary follicles larger secondary follicles Graafian follicle - large fluid-filled atrium mature into egg cell |
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What is the travel path for spermacytes? |
outer wall of seminiferous tubules inner lumen of the tubules mature int sperm call |
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Why are fruit flies used? |
fast life cycle small number of chromosomes distinctive phenotypes |
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Fruit Flies can be anesthetized with this before working with them |
SmartNap Fly anesthetic |
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