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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Norms
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Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions
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Role
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A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior
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Culture
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a program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of people in a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and customs shared by most members of that community
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Attribution
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general approach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses info to generate casual explanations
- Dispositional: problem lies with the person - Situational: problem in the situation |
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Fundamental attribution error
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people tend to overestimate dispositional factors, underestimate situational errors when looking at others
- Opposite when observing ourselves |
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Self-serving Bias
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people take credit for success (dispositional) and deny failures (situational)
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Self-fulfilling Prophecies
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predictions made alter behaviour – will tend to produce what is expected
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Attitudes
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: positive/negative evaluation of people, objects and ideas
- Attitudes predict behaviour – strength of association between an attitude object and a person’s evaluation of that object |
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Persuasion
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deliberate attempts to change your attitudes
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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defines how likely it is that people will focus their cognitive processes to elaborate upon a persuasive message
- Central – depends on facts and objective qualities - Peripheral – people do not focus critically – focus on superficial cues – rely on qualities like image – little effort |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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When a person’s beliefs is incongruent with his own behaviour
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Familiarity effect
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tendency of people to feel more positive towards a person, item... the more familiar they are with it
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Validity effect
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tendency of people to believe that a statement is true because it has been repeated many times
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Self-perception theory
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– we infer what our internal states are or should be by perceiving how we act and recalling how we should have acted in the past in a given situation
Attitudes are combination of learning, experience, and genetics - Religious affiliation is not heritable – depth of religious feeling has a genetic component - Political affiliation is not heritable – political conservatism is very heritable |
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Compliance
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– a change in behaviour based on a request from someone
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Reciprocity
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favors will be returned (i.e. people asking for money)
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Commitment
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start with a small request - you start helping and when they change it to a large request you feel obligated to keep helping
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Scarcity
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people dislike feeling like they cannot have something – feel the need to take advantage of an opportunity
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Brainwashing / Coercive persuasion
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designed to suppress an individual’s ability to reason, think critically, make choices in his/her best interests
Occurs when: - Person is subjected to entrapment - Persons problems reduced to one simple attribution – repeatedly emphasized - Person is offered a new identity and is being promised salvation - Person’s access to disconfirming (dissonant) information is severely controlled |
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Prejudice
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a learned attitude towards a target object, involving negative feelings, negative beliefs that justify the attitude, and a behavioral intention to avoid, control, dominate, or eliminate those in the target group – attitudes filter perceptions and subsequent behaviour towards others
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In-groups
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ones we identify ourselves with – view our group as better than others
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Out-groups
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groups we do not identify with
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racism
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discrimination based on skin color, ethnic heritage
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sexism
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discrimination based on sex
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Stereotypes
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generalizations on a group of people where same characteristics are assigned to all members
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behavioral conformation
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where someone’s expectations influence that person to behave in ways confirming the original hypothesis
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Contact hypothesis
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program combating prejudice must foster personal interaction in the pursuit of shared goals (to get rid of prejudice)
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Jigsaw technique
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everyone has a piece that they can contribute to the entire project, everyone is valuable
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Close proximity
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increase contact, more exposure = more like
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Physical attractiveness
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tendency to associate positive qualities with attractiveness
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Reciprocity
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we like those who like us
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Passionate love
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often initial stages of romantic relationship, great intensity and absorbtion
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Companionate love
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less intensity, greater intimacy, natural progression in many relationships, linked to greater satisfaction
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Social role
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socially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person when functioning in a given setting or group
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Rules
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behavioral guidelines for settings, explicit and implicit in nature
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Stanford prison experiment
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students acting as guards/prisoners
- People exhibited horrendous behaviours under situational forces - Power of situation can alter our reality |
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Social norms
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specific expectations for socially appropriate attitudes and behaviours in a group
- People know how to act in situations based on norms |
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Conformity
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tendency for people to adopt the behaviour and opinions presented by other group members
- Minorities usually don’t have much normative influence, can have informational influence |
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Informational influence
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wanting to be and act correct
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Normative influence
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wanting to be liked and accepted by others
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Group polarizations
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groups tend to act more radically than individuals on their own
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groupthink
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tendency of a decision-making group to filter out undesirable input towards consensus
- Groups are more vulnerable to groupthink when a group embodies a collective desire to maintain a shared positive view of the group and views dissent as problematic rather than valuable |
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Stanley Milgram's shock experiment
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fake shocks administered by civilians - surprising results
- No one quit below 300V - 65% went to max 450 V |
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Aggression
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person's behaviours that cause psychological or physical harm to another individual - necessary to ensure mates - we failed to evolve an inhibitory mechanism
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Biological Aggression
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genetic components - gene variations in amygdala structures - potential role of levels of serotonin and cortisol
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personality
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impulsive (emotion-driven) vs. instrumental (goal driven)
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis
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frustration occurs when people are withheld from obtaining their goals - rise in frustration usually leads to more aggression
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Genocide
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systematic destruction of another race or cultural group - justification for violence
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Prosocial behavior motives
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types of behaviour that benefits others
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Altruism
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acting without thinking of one's own safety - do what is necessary
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Egoism
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makes us feel good for helping others
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Collectivism
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benefit the group/family/party etc
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Bystander effect
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likelihood of intervention depends on number of bystanders present - more = less help
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Diffusion of responsibility
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more than one person can help in an emergency - people often assume someone else will
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