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73 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Metabolism |
Is the totality of an organisms chemical reactions |
Emergent property of life |
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Metabolic pathways |
Begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product |
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Catabolic pathways |
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
Cellular respiration, breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen |
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Anabolic pathways |
Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
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Bioenergetics |
Is the study of how energy flows through living organisms |
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Energy |
Is the capacity to cause change |
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Kinetic energy |
Is energy associated with motion |
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Thermal energy |
Is the kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms and molecules. |
Heat is thermal energy in transfer between objects |
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Potential energy |
Is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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Chemical energy |
Is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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Thermodynamics |
Is the study of energy transformations |
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Isolated system |
Is unable to exchange energy or matter with its surroundings |
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Open system |
Energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings |
Organisms are open systems |
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First law of thermodynamics |
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
Principle of conservation of energy |
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Second law of thermodynamics |
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable and is often lost at heat |
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
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Entropy |
Is a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness |
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Spontaneous process |
Occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly |
Must increase the entropy of the universe |
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Free energy |
Is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell |
Measure of a systems instability |
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Enthalpy |
Change in total energy (^H) heat released or absorbed during a reaction |
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Entropy (^S) |
Degree of disorder |
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^G < 0 |
The reactant goes to product. Reaction is spontaneous |
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^G > 0 |
Reaction will not go to the product. Additional energy is required for reaction to proceed |
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^G = 0 |
Reaction is at equilibrium. Half of the reactants will go to product. |
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Equilibrium |
Is a state of maximum stability |
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During a spontaneous change .. |
Free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases |
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Exergonic reaction |
Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous |
(-^G): Catabolism |
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Endergonic reaction |
Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous |
(+^G): Anabolism |
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Cells are not _____, they are _____ |
Equilibrium, open systems |
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Chemical work of a cell |
Pushing endergonic reactions |
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Transport work of a cell |
Pumping substances against the direction of spontaneous movement |
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Mechanical work of a cell |
Such as contraction of muscle cells |
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Energy coupling |
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |
Cells manage resources by ______. |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
Cells energy shuttle which is composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups |
Can be broken by hydrolysis |
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Coupled reactions are _____. |
Exergonic |
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ATP drives endergonic reactions by _______, transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as reaction. |
Phosphorylation |
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Phosphorylated intermediate |
The recipient molecule |
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ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in _______ and _______. |
Protein shape and binding ability |
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The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from _________ in the cell. |
Catabolic reactions (exergonic breakdown reactions) |
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The active site can lower an Ea barrier by which four things? |
-orienting substrates correctly -straining substrate bonds -providing a favorable micro environment -covalently bonding to the substrate |
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The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be sped up by _____________. |
Increasing substrate concentration |
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If the enzyme is saturated, the reaction rate can only sped up by _________. |
Adding more enzyme |
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An enzymes activity can be affected by which two things ? |
-temperature and pH -chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme |
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The ATP cycle is the shuttling of ______ and ______. It couples the cells exergonic processes to endergonic processes. |
Inorganic phosphate and energy |
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Catalyst |
Is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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Enzyme |
Is a catalytic protein |
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Activation energy |
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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In catalysis, enzymes or other catalysts speed up specific reactions by _________ without being consumed. |
Lowering the Ea barrier |
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Substrate |
The reactant that an enzyme acts in |
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The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an _________. |
Enzyme-substrate complex |
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Active site |
Is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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A ________ of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction. |
Induced fit |
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Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme is ___. |
37c |
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Optimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria is ____. |
75c |
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Cofactors |
Are non protein enzyme helpers |
Inorganic (metal in ionic form) |
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An organic cofactor is called a ______. |
Coenzyme |
Include vitamins |
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Inhibitors attach to enzymes by what type of bonds? |
Covalent bonds |
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Competitive inhibitors |
Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
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Non competitive inhibitors |
Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective. |
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A cell regulates metabolic pathways by ________ that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes. |
Switching on or off genes |
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Allosteric regulation |
May either inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity |
Occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site. |
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Cooperativity |
Is a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity |
Complex contains inactive and active forms |
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Feedback inhibition |
The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. Prevents a cell from wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more product |
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Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made from ________. |
Polypeptide subunits |
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Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. |
Potential |
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In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? |
Cellular respiration |
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What are the by products of cellular respiration? |
Heat, carbon dioxide, and water |
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In exergonic reactions the products have _________ energy than the reactants. |
Less Potential energy |
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The products of endergonic reactions have _______ energy than the reactants. |
More potential energy |
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ADP + P —> ATP is an _____ reaction. |
Endergonic |
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The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from an ______ reaction. |
Exergonic |
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What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? |
It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction |
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Bioluminescence |
Convert energy to light |
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Usually an ______ forms a covalent bind with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity |
Irreversible |
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