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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who were the first sociologists, and what did they argue? -societal transformation -barbarianism -primitive - social evolution |
Marx and Engel. (1) Argued that societal transformation primarily results from conflict between the proletariat and capitalists (2) The rise of the city amounts to a transition from barbarianism to civilization (3) some cities remain as a primitive community, (4) Social evolution of humans was not yet complete |
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Explain the tennets of Gemeinschaft |
- people have an essential unity of purpose - work together for the common good -united by ties of family and neighborhood - |
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explain the tennets of gesellschaft |
- mechanical aggregate -disunity - rampant individualism - selfishness - belief in common good is rare - little social ties |
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Why was gesellschaft and gemeinschaft important to sociology? |
one of the first theories to understand human settlements by means of a continuum. |
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What theories did Durkheim endorse? which Sociologists was his theories close to? |
- mechanical and organic solidarity. Tonnies |
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Explain mechanical solidarity |
-social bonds based on likeness, common belief, custom - mechanical because those who participate in it do so with an almost automatic response to tradition |
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explain organic solidarity |
- social oder based on individual differences - rests on a complex division of labor, in which many people specialize in many different occupations |
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How do tonnies and Durkheim differ? How are they similar, if at all? |
(1) Durkheim believed that life within the larger society was just as natural to the small groupings in rural environment (2) Tonnies did not share Durkheims negative views of modern society (3) Durkheim reverse Tonnies terminology |
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What were Durkheims thoughts on Organic Solidarity? Especially, the complex division of labor? |
he saw the possibility of greater freedom and choice for all of societys inhabitants |
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Simmels Characteristics of the City |
(1) the intensification of nervous stimuli with which the city dweller must cioe (2) highly attuned to time, Urbanites (3) the importance of money |
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The individuals response to the city (Simmel) |
(1) Urbanite develops a blase attitude (social reserve or detachment) (2) This indifference may transform into antagonism |
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Who systematically looked at the social psychology of city life? |
Simmel |
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Who was the first to survey more than one type of cities? where did he look? |
Weber. He looked in Europe, Middle East, China, India. |
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Who developed the "full urban community" theory? |
Weber |
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What are the characteristics necessary to constitute a "full urban community?" |
(1) a fortification (2) a market (3) a court of its own and at least partially autonomous law (4) a related form of association (5) at least partial political autonomy |
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What did Weber identify as an ideal type? |
A model constructed from real-world observation that highlights the crucial elements of some social phenomenon (Like his full urban community theory) |
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Describe Webers views of the city |
(1) believed that cities could be positive and liberating forces in human life (2) He did not see much hope for 20th century cities )believed older cities of the medieval period best exemplified the full urban community) (3) believed that cities had lost their political and military autonomy |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Marx and Engels |
1) The city can free individuals to act on their own, but works will need to overcome their explotation. (Most optimistic) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Tonnies |
(2) The inevitable emergence of gesellschaft will result in a loss of communal relationships. (Pessimistic) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their atittude towards the city: Durkheim |
(3) The organic solidarity found in a complex division of labor in the city can provide greater freedom and choice in life. (Optimistic) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Simmel |
(4) City can be liberating but also alienating. Abundance of stimuli promotes a detached approach. (Mixed, mostly) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Weber |
(5) Cities are linked to the larger societal context; medieval, not modern, cities better exemplified the full urban community. (Mixed) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Park |
(6) Cities have potential to enhance the human experience; need to do on-site investigation of the city and its people (optimistic) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Wirth |
(7) Size, density, and heterogeneity lead to segmented and depersonalized relationships, possible antisocial behavior. (negative) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Gans |
(8) City is actually a complex mosaic of many lifestyles and so individuals' urban experience varies accordingly. (mixed, mostly) |
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Sum up the main concept of each sociologist and their attitude towards the city: Fischer |
(9) Large cities have capacity to support many subcultures and thus strengthen in-group relationships. (optimistic) |
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Describe Parks Systematic Urban Sociology |
1) First, urban research must be conducted by disciplined observation, like anthropologists study other cultures 2) conceived the city as a social organisms, with distinct parts bound together by internal processes 3) All these parts are connected |
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What was Wirth's definition of the city? |
(1) large (2) dense (3) socially and culturally heterogeneous people |
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What 4 factors that Wirth described in terms of a city's population |
(1) a large population produces greate diversity in the cultural and occupational characteristics of the city (2) the condition of cultural diversity produced by a large population has the additional effect of creating a need for formal control structures (3) a large differentiated population supports the proliferation of specialization, and an occupational structure based on differing occupations (4) Specialization organizes human relationships more on an "interest-specific" basis, which Wirth described as "social segmentalization" |
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Wirths 4 factors or consequences of population density. |
(1) pop density intensifies the effects of a large population size on social life. (the city seperates into a mosaic of readily identifiable regions or districts) (2) Wirth called this process of serparating the city into districts "ecological specialization" (today we use the term natural area (3) Argued that urbanites develop mental shorthand (a mental mapping of the city, its regions, and its inhabitants) (4) Suggested that high density might cause an increase in antisocial behavior |
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Wirths 3 consequences of social difference or heterogeneity |
(1) social interaction amoung such a variety of personality types in the urban milieu tends to break down the rididity of caste lines and to complicate the class structure (2) physical movement typically accompanies social mobility (lack of true neighbors) (3) the concentration of diverse people leads inevitably to further depersonalization |
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Names Gans' four types of lifestyles |
(1) the cosmopolites (2) the unmarried or childless (3) the ethnic villager (4) the poor or trapped |
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Cosmopolites |
highly educated, live in city for its stimulation |
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unmarried or childless |
single adults or couples without children, older couples whose children have left or died from 9/11 |
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ethnic villagers |
1st and 2nd generation working class residents, many traditional values upheld, tend to cluster in local areas |
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the deprived or trapped |
poor, handicapped, broken family situations |
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Subcultural theory of urbanism |
the urban milieu strengthens group relationships |
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Is urban malaise a truth? |
researchers have found over the past 40 years that no significant difference in the mental health of urban versus non-urban residents exists |