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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Continuum of Perfection |
Single, graduated continuum from more perfection to less perfection. - Radiance given first to humans and then with each subsequent creation some of that radiance was lost - Aristotle and Plato |
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The Chain of Being |
Chain from God to the beasts, linked together without a break. - Microbus summarizing the work of Plotinus - Plant and animal species couldn't go extinct because this threatened people's trust in God |
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System Naturae |
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) - suggested all species were created by God and fixed in their forms - Anti-Evolutionist Classified plants and animals: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species |
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Jean Baptise Lamarck (1744-1829) |
Believed acquired characteristics could be inherited (Ex. Giraffes stretching necks and passing this onto young - incorrect) |
Stupid giraffe man |
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Georges Cuivier (1769-1832) |
Leading opponent of evolution - Catastrophism: quick series of catastrophes killed off living creatures. God then replaced them by new creations |
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James Hutton (1726-1797) |
Questioned Catastrophism but was ignored |
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Sir Charles Lyell (1797- 1875) |
Uniformitarianism: suggested that the Earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by natural forces that have operated over a vast stretch of time - based on Hutton's work |
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Charles Darwin (1809- 1882) |
Believed in evolution of species through natural selection |
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Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) |
- came to the same conclusion as Darwin - presented work together with Darwin |
The ignored Darwin |
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Natural Selection |
The outcome of processes that affect the frequency of traits in an environment. Traits that enhance survival and environmental success increase in frequency over time |
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Adaptive or Advantageous Traits |
Result in greater reproductive success in a particular environment |
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Maladaptive or Disadvantageous Traits |
Generally decline in frequency or disappear altogether |
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Punctuated Equilibrium |
Replacement from outside. A quick instance of change |
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Does Natural Selection account for all variation in the frequency of traits? |
No, does not account for: - frequencies of neutral traits (no advantages or disadvantages) |
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Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) |
Pea Plant experimenting monk |
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Mitosis |
duplication of somatic cells |
Mitosis has a "t" and so does somatic (just call gametes sex cells and there's no "t") |
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Meiosis |
Reproductive cells (gametes) are formed - the number of chromosomes is halved |
Sex doesn't have a "t" and neither does Meiosis |
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DNA |
- Deoxyribonucleic acid - double helix shape (Watson + Crick - 1953) - directs the makeup and organization according to the instructions in its genetic code A-T G-C |
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Human Genome Project |
Assemble a complete genetic map for humans.Completed early 2000's |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
used to copt the DNA code for protein synthesis A-U G-C |
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Protein Synthesis |
mRNA connects to Ribosome Ribosome reads the mRNA and combines the specific amino acids to form a protein |
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Sources of Variability |
1. Genetic Recombination - Segregation: random sorting of chromosomes in meiosis - Crossing Over: exchange of sections of one chromosome and another |
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Mutation |
change in the DNA sequence that produces an altered gene only source of new alleles in a species |
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Hybridization |
creation of viable offspring from two different species |
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Species |
a population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce fertile and viable offspring |
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Speciation |
development of a new species |
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Factors that Prevent the Exchange of Genes |
1. Breeding at different times of year 2. Different courtship rituals 3. Difference in body structure 4. geographic barriers |
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Creationism |
God created all living things and evolution has only changed them in minor ways and has not created new living things |
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Intelligent Design |
if we find a complex mechanism at work in the world, we assume it had a maker. |
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Sociobiology / Behavioural Ecology |
Study of how behaviour may be related to the environment. Application of biological evolutionary principles to behaviour (Behavioural Ecology) or social organization and behaviour (Sociobiology) |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
studies how evolution make have produced lasting variation in the way humans behave, interact, and perceive the world |
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Where does variation come from in cultural evolution? |
- Recombination of learned behaviours - Invention - Borrowed ideas or behaviours from another culture |
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Cultural Transmission |
how culture is passed on through learning from one generation to another. Also referred to as enculturation or socialization. |
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Coevolution |
Interaction between genes and culture - Robert Boyd and Peter Richerson |
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What is the problem with Classification of human diversity? |
whichever units of classification are used (geographic, ethnic, physical traits) people are dynamic entities and breeding populations change over time and space |
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Why is the concept of biological race rejected? |
- Races are no more than cultural constructions based on arbitrary characteristics - Biological characteristics are not linked with abilities or behaviours - There are no "pure" races because humans have interbred with others during their history and are constantly changing |
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