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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gonads of the female reproductive system |
Ovaries |
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Internal organs of thefemale reproductive system |
Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina |
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External organs of the female reproductive system |
Vulva and mammary glands |
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Ovaries anatomy and function |
Paired gonads supported by ligaments in the pelvic cavity. Almond shape and size with a hilum where blood vessels enter and exit |
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Ovaries produce ___ and ___. |
Gametes ova (eggs) and hormones |
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Histologically, ovaries consist of |
Germinal epithelium (covers the surface) Tunica albuginea (capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium) |
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Germinal epithelium function |
covers the surface of the ovaries (not actually germinal) |
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Tunica albuginea anatomy |
capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium |
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Ovarian cortex anatomy |
Below the tunica albuginea Consists of ovarian follicles and connective tissue |
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Ovarian medulla anatomy |
Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
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Ovarian follicles contain ___ in various stages of development. |
oocytes |
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Initially, single layer ___ cells surround the oocyte |
follicular |
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Follicular cells that surround the oocyte develop into multiple layer ___ cells. |
granulosa |
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Follicles secrete hormones such as ___. |
estrogens |
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A mature follicle |
Graafian follicle |
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A mature (graafian) follicle is ready to ___ and expel the ___. (ovulation) |
rupture secondary oocyte |
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What develops after ovulation and produces progesterone and several other hormones? |
Corpus luteum |
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If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates into what? |
Corpus albicans |
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Oogenesis |
formation of gametes in the ovaries |
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During fetal development, primordial germ cells differentiate into _____. |
Oogonia 2n |
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Oogonia divide into ____ cells, some of which become ___ oocytes (2n). |
Germ Primary |
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Primary oocytes enter the beginning stage of ___ during fetal development where it remains until puberty. |
meiosis |
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Each primary oocyte is surrounded by ___ cells forming what? |
Follicular Primordial follicle |
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Each month after puberty begins what two hormones stimulate the development of the primordial follicles? |
LH and FSH |
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What do primordial follicles develop into? |
Primary follicles |
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What is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the primary oocyte? |
Zona pellucida |
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Several layers of ___ cells surround the primary oocyte. |
Granulosa |
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Primary follicle develops into what? |
Secondary follicles |
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Stromal cells surrounding the granulosa cells form the ___. |
Theca |
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Several cells of the theca secrete androgens which the granulosa converts to ___. |
estrogens |
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What do granulosa cells secrete? |
follicular fluid |
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Granulosa divide and form what? |
a layer that lines the basement membrane and a layer that surrounds the oocyte, the corona radiata |
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Corona radiata |
The layer that surrounds the oocyte |
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The secondary follicle grows and becomes a ___ follicle. |
mature (graafian) |
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Just before ovulation, the diploid primary oocyte completes ____ producing a haploid secondary oocyte |
Meiosis I |
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First polar body |
Discarded nuclear material |
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Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it begins but does not complete ____. |
Meiosis II |
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At ovulation, secondary oocytes surrounded by corona radiata are expelled into the ___ ___ where they are swept into the ____ ____. |
Pelvic cavity Fallopian (uterine) tube |
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If sperm are present and one penetrates the secondary oocyte, what happens? |
Meiosis ii resumes and an ovum and a second polar body form |
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When the nuclei of the ovum and sperm unite what is formed? |
A diploid zygote |
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Fimbriae |
fingerlike projections at the terminus of the fallopian tube |
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What sweeps the secondary oocyte from the pelvic cavity into the uterine tube? |
Finbriae |
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3 layers of the fallopian (uterine) tubes |
mucosa, muscularis, and serosa |
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What moves the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte toward the uterus? |
Simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the muscularis |
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What cells secrete a fluid providing nourishment for the ovum in the fallopian tube? |
Peg cells |
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Top of the uterus |
Fundus |
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Central portion of the uterus |
body
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Inferior extension of the uterus into the vagina |
cervix |
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Interior of the body of the uterus |
Uterine cavity |
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Interior of the cervix |
Cervical canal |
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Function of the broad ligaments |
Anchor the uterus to the walls of the pelvic cavity and nearby structures |
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Three layers of the uterus |
Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
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Perimetrium of the uterus |
Serosa Outer layer |
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Myometrium of the uterus |
Three layers of smooth muscle |
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Endometrium of the uterus |
Inner layer |
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Stratum functionalis of the endometrium |
Shed each month during menstruation |
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Stratum basalis of the endometrium |
Permanent Gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation |
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The uterus has an ____ blood supply |
extensive |
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Branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies blood to the uterus? |
Uterine arteries |
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Arteries in the endometrium |
Straight arterioles |
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Straight arterioles supply which layer? |
Stratum basalis |
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Spiral arterioles supply which layer? |
Stratum functionalis |
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Uterine veins enter where? |
Internal iliac vein |
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Which cells produce cervical mucus? |
Secretory cells of the cervix |
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Cervical mucus characteristics |
Very thick and acidic forming a barrier |
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Near ovulation, what happens to cervical mucus? |
Becomes less viscous and more alkaline |
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Why does cervical mucus change near ovulation? |
Helps nourish sperm and may aid in capacitation |
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Capacitation |
Functional changes in sperm that allow fertilization of a secondary oocyte |
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Vagina anatomy |
Fibromuscular canal lined with a mucous membrane that extends from the body's exterior to the cervix |
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Mucosa of the vagina lined with what? |
Stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue arranged in rugae |
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What allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth? |
Stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue arranged in rugae and underlying smooth muscle layers of muscularis |
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The superficial layer that anchors the vagina to adjacent organs |
Adventitia |
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A thin fold of mucous membrane that partially closes the inferior end of the vagina |
Hymen |
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External genitalia of the female |
Vulva (pudendum) |
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Vestibule of the vagina |
region between the labia minora that has orifices for vagina, urethra, and ducts for glands |
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What two glands secrete fluid containing mucous in the vagina? |
Paraurethral glands and greater vestibular glands |
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The bulb of the vestibule contains what? |
Two masses of erectile tissue that engorges during sexual arousal |
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Glands that are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
Mammary glands |
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Mammary galnds contain ___-___ lobes |
15-30 |
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Each lobe has lobules containing milk secreting glands called ___. |
alveoli |
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Each breast has a nipple containing ___ ___ where milk emerges |
Lactiferous ducts |
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Prolactin function |
Main hormone which stimulates milk synthesis |
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Oxytocin function |
Stimulates ejection of milk |
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Ovarian cycle |
Changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte
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Uterine cycle |
Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo |
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What controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles? |
GnRH |
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GnRH stimulates the release of what two hormones? |
LH and FSH |
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LH and FSH stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete what? |
Estrogens |
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LH triggers... |
Ovulation and production of the corpus luteum |
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LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete what? |
Estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin |
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What is the main estrogen in non-pregnant women? |
Beta-estradiol |
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Estrogens promote development of what? |
Female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics |
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Estrogens increase catabolism or anabolism? Where? |
Anobolism particularly of bones |
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Estrogens lower/raise cholesterol? |
Lower |
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Estrogens moderate levels and inhibit the release of which hormones? |
GnRH, LH, and FSH |
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Very high levels of estrogens stimulate the release of what hormone? |
GnRH |
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Progesterone plus estrogens function |
prepares endometrium for implantation |
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Relaxin function |
Inhibits contractions of smooth muscle of uterus |
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Inhibin function |
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH |
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4 phases of the female reproductive cycle |
Menstrual Preovulatory Ovulation Postovulatory phase |
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Ovaries physiology during menstrual cycle |
FSH stimulates several primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles |
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Uterus physiology during menstrual cycle |
Prostaglandins cause constriction of blood vessels in the endometrium Stratum functionalis degenerates and sloughs off 50-150 mL of blood, tissue fluid, and cells and mucus are shed |
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Ovaries physiology during preovulatory phase |
Secondary follicles are secreting estrogens and inhibin One follicle becomes the dominant follicle Others undergo atresia |
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Uterus physiology during preovulatory phase |
Proliferative phase Estrogens stimulate repair of the uterus by stimulating the stratum basale to produce new stratum functionalis |
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During the ovulation phase, high levels of estrogens stimulate secretion of what? |
GnRH which stimulates LH and FSH
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During ovulation phase, high LH causes what? |
The rupture of the mature (graafian follicle) and release of the oocyte into the pelvic cavity. |
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Postovulatory phase |
Luteal phase Time between ovulation and the next menses |
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Ovaries physiology during postovulatory phase |
Follicle collapses and LH stimulates conversion of follicular cells to become the corpus luteum. CL secretes progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin |
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If the oocyte is not fertilized, what will the corpus luteum degenerate to? |
Corpus albicans |
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If fertilization of the oocyte occurs, the embry secretes what? |
Human chorionic gonadotropin which "rescues" the corpus luteum |
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Function of human chorionic gonadotropin |
"rescues" the corpus luteum |
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Uterus physiology during postovulatory phase |
Progesterone and estrogens promote increased vascularization and thickening of the endometrium |
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Without fertilization and a degenerating corpus luteum, what happens? |
Estrogen and progesterone levels decline and cause menstruation |
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In women between the ages of 40-50, what becomes exhausted? |
ovarian follicles |
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Why do estrogen levels decline in women aged 40-50 |
Decreased responsiveness of ovaries to LH and FSH |