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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
THe ductus deferens develops from the ___ of the embryo.
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mesonephric duct
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The protein that clots and causes the stickiness of semen is ___.
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seminogelin
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the expulsion of semen occurs when the bulbospongiosus muscle is stimulated by ___
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somatic efferent neurons
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prior to ejaculation, sperm are stored primarily in ____
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the epididymis
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the penis is attached to thepublic arch by crura of ___
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the corpus cavernosa
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the first hormone secreted at the onset of puberty is ___
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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when it is necessary to reduce sperm production without reducing testosterone secretion, the sustentacular cells secrete____
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inhibin
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four spermatozoa arise from each ____
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type B spermatogonium
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the point in meiosis at which sister chromatids separate from each other is ____
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anaphase II
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blood is forced out of the penile lacunae by contraction of the ____ muscles
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trabecular
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under the influence of androgens, the embryonic ____ duct develops into the male reproductive tract
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mesonephric
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spermatozoa obtain energy for locomotion from ____ in the semen
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fructose
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the ____, a network of veins in the spermatic cord, helps keep the testes cooler than the core body temperature
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pampiniform plexus
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all germ cells beginning with the ___ are genetically different from the rest of the body cells and therefore must be protected by the blood-testis barrier
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secondary spermatocytes
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the corpora cavernosa as well as the testes have a fibrous capsule called the ___
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tunica albuginea
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Over half of the semen consists of secretions from a pair of glands called the ___
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seminal vesicles
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the blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between the ___ cells
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sustentacular
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the earliest haploid stage of spermatogenesis is the ___
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secondary spermatocyte
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Erection of the penis occurs when nitric oxide cause the ___ arteries to dialate.
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deep
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a sperm penetrates the egg by means of enzymes in its ___
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acrosome
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The male scrotum is homologous to the female____
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labia majora
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___ cannot develop at core body temperature
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sperm
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_____ stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone
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Luteinizing hormone
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the primary sex organ of the male is the ___
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testes
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a high testosterone level makes a fetus develop a male reproductive system, and a ______ level makes it develop a female reproductive system
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low testosterone
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most of the semen is produced by the ___
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seminal vesicles
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the pampiniform plexus serves to...
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keep the testes from overheating
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prior to ejaculation, sperm are stored mainly in the
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epididymus
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Erection is caused by parasympathetic stimulation of the ___
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penile arteries
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another name for androgen-insensitivity syndrome is...
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testicular feminization
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what structure develops from the genital tubercle?
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the head (glans) of the penis
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The urogenital folds fuse to ______ in the male embryo
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close the urethra, joining the phallus to form the penis
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The labrioscrotal folds fuse to form the ___ in a male baby
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scrotum
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THe descent of the testes
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starts near the kidneys, passes between internal and external abd. oblique muscles, into scrotal swelling, through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
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Why does enlargement of the prostate gland interfere with urination?
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because the prostate gland completely surrounds the prostatic urethra
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the prostate gland weighs about 20 grams by age__
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20
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About age ___ the prostate begins to grow again
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45
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by age 70, over 90% of men show some degree of ____
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benign prostatic hyperplasia
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Prostate cancer is the second most common CA in men (after lung cancer) affecting about __% of men by age 50
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9
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prostate cancer is very uncommon in what ethnic group?
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japanese
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prostate CA
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about 80% of men survive when it is detected and treated early; only 10-50% survive if it spreads beyond the prostatic capsule
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why is it important that the corpus spongiosum remain less engorged with blood than the corpus cavernosa during erection?
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the corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra which allows for expulsion of semen
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two muscles that help regulate the temp of the testes
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-the cremaster muscle (closer to testis than the other; pulls testes closer to body when cold)
-the dartos muscle (outside of the cremaster muscle; contracts when cold to make the scrotum taut and wrinkled) |
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3 different types of cells found in the testes
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-intersitial (leydig) cells- source of testosterone
-germ cells -sustentacular (Sertoli) cells- protect germ cells and promote their development;secrete inhibin |
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path of sperm
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leave the testis; efferent ductules; duct of the epididymus; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct where vas deferens and seminal vesicle meet; through prostate gland; emptied into urethra
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the increasing number of male wildlife has been attributed to chemical pollutants called
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endocrine disruptors or estrogen mimics
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How many chromosomes does a cell have?
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46 chromosomes (23 pair)
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Conclusion of Meiosis I
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2 haploid cells
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Conclusion of Meiosis II
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4 haploid cells
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stages of speratogenesis
*hopefully this is right! |
spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatids; spermiogenesis; spermatozoon
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3 Major Parts of the Spermatozoon
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1. HEAD: contains nucleus, acrosome, flagellar basal body
2. MIDPIECE of tail: contains numerous large mitochondria that coil tightly around axoneme 3. PRINCIPAL PIECE of tail: constitues most of tail; consists of the axoneme surrounded by a sheath of fibers |
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3 bacterial STD's
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chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis
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3 viral STD's
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genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis
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___ is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S. with 3-5 million cases per year
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Chlamydia
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What is the most common STD (viral and bacterial combined) affecting 20-40 million with 500,000 new cases each year
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genital herpes
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what is the most rapidly increasing STD?
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genital warts.. comes from 60+ viruses collectively known as HPV
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Sterility may result from uncorrected ___, or undescended testes.
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cryptorchidism
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Spermatozoa are produced in minute ducts called ___
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seminiferous tubules
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Testosterone is secreted by ___ cells of the testes.
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interstitial (Leydig) cells
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The ___ is a countercurrent heat exchanger that keeps the testis cool.
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pampiniform plexus
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Until ejaculation, most sperm are stored in ___
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THE EPIDIDYMUS
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about 30% of the semen is produced by the ___, a medial gland that encloses part of the urethra
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prostate
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THe blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between the ___ cells of the testis
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sustentacular (sertoli)
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erection results largely from vasocongestion of the two ___ on the dorsal side of the penis
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corpus cavernosum
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a sperm penetrates an egg by means of enzymes from its ___
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acrosome
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the first haploid cell produced in spermatogenesis is the ___
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secondary spermatocyte
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Are primary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?
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diploid
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THe ___ of the vagina would be harmful to sperm if it were not neutralized by the semen.
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acidity
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does the corpus cavernosum or the corpus spongiosum become more vasocongested in erection
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corpora cavernosa
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Testosterone has no effect on spermatogenesis unless _____ hormone is present
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follicle stimulating hormone
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Sperm heads are embedded in the ____ cells until the spermatozoa are mature.
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sustentacular cells
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the embryonic prescursor of the male reproductive tract is ___
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the mesonephric duct
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secretions from the ____ constitute 60% of the semen.
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seminal vesicles
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the inability to produce __ would result in impotence.
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nitric oxide
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The ___ form the blood-testis barrier
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sertoli (sustentacular) cells
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male secondary sex characteristic:
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beard
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the cord that guides the descending testes into the fetal scrotum
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spermatic cord
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the muscle that elevates and lowers the scrotum
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cremaster
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after age fifty, FSH and LH levels rise significantly and this is known as
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male climateric
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minute blood sinuses in the erectile tissues of the penis is known as
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lacunae
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Inhibin that selectively suppresses its secretion is known as ____
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone
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the final cellular transformation in the production of spermatozoa is called ____
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spermiogenesis
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when all sexually reproducing species of animals are considered, the one characteristic that most defines a female is ____
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production of the larger gamete
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what is a female secondary sex organ?
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uterus
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the genetic sex of a child is determined by
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the sperm
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mullerian-inhibiting factor causes
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regression of the paramesonephric ducts
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testis-determining factor is found in or on
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the Y chromosome
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Hypospadias is a birth defect that results from
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urethral opening on the side of the penis
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testosterone is an example of an
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androgen
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the germinal epithelium of the testis consists of germ cells and
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sustentacular cells
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to get fromthe testis to the epididymus, sperm must pass through
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efferent ductules
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men have only one ___ but have two bulbourethral glands, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles and corpus cavernosum
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prostate gland
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the heat exchanger that prevents afferent blood from overheating the testes is the
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pampiniform plexus
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mitochondria are found in the ___ of a spermatozoon
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midpiece
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the foreskin of the penis is called
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the prepuce
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the smooth muscle layer in the wall of the scrotum is called
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the tunica dartos
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until ejaculation, sperm are mainly stored in
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the epididymus
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vasectomy, a procedure for surgical sterilization of the male, entails removal of part of the
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ductus deferens
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fibrinogen, a clotting protein, is found not only in the blood but also in the secretion of
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the seminal vesicles
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the cell in spermatogenesis that undergoes meiosis I is
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a primary spermatocyte
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a spermatozoon secretes enzymes from its ___ to penetrate the egg
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acrosome
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the energy for sperm motility comes from
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fructose
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one of the major processes that transforms a spermatid into a spermatozoon is
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the loss of excess cytoplasm
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most of the semen consists of the secretion from
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the seminal vesicles
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the lacunae of the corpora cavernosa receive blood directly from
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the helicine arteries
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the cell that migrates from the outside to the inside of the blood-testis barrier is ___
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a type B spermatocyte
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the peristalic propulsion of sperm along the ductus deferens is called ___
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emission
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penile cancer has been linked to human papilloma cancer. what other conditions is this cancer related to?
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non-retractable foreskins
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the penis of a male embryo develops from
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the phallus
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the testes receive a poor oxygen supply mainly because
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the testicular artery has a very low BP
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the bulbocavernosus muscle does not play a role in ___
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thermoregulation of the testes
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Seminiferous tubule is NOT a
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spermatic duct
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at what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail?
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spermatid
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half of the penis, called its ___, is internal and normally cannot be seen.
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root
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the forcible expulsion of semen in ejacuation results from spasmodic contractions of ___
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the bulbocavernosus muscle
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the first hormone to trigger the changes of puberty is
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gonadotopin-releasing hormone
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what is a hormonal change that contributes to male clinacteric
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elevated secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone
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in gametogenesis, the genetic composition of each chromosome is changed by the process of
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crossing-over
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when a cell divides by meiosis, it ultimately produces ___ daughter cells
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4
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the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction is
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to prevent the chromosome number from doubling in each generation
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contractions of the female reproductive tract may be stimulated by ___ in the semen
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prostaglandins
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the male penis is homologus with the ___ of the female
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clitoris
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the saclike extension of the peritoneum that covers the anterior and lateral surface of the testes is called
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tunica vaginalis
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the creaster muscle
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is a skeletal muscle that draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm
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the optimal temp for sperm production is
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35 degrees celsius
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Secretions from the seminal vesicles empty into the
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ejaculatory duct
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secretions from the __ lubricate the head of the penis and neutralize acidity from the residual urine in the urethra.
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bulbourethral glands
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which hormone stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
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luteinizing hormone
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correct order of spermatogenesis:
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spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatids; spermatozoa
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Meiosis II is the process by which ___ become ___
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secondary spermatocytes becomes spermatids
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Viagra prolongs erection by
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inhibiting degradation of cGMP
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The excitement phase is NOT charactized by
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decreased BP
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the excitement phase of the male sexual response is stimulated by
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efferent parasympathetic signals from the sacral region of the spinal cord
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the orgasm-emission phase of the male sexual response is sitmulated by
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efferent sympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord
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the parasympathetic division does not cause
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peristalsis of the ductus deferens
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persons with androgen-insensitivity syndrome have all of the following except
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ovaries, vagina and uterus
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type B spermatogonium gives rise to
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two secondary spermatocytes
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in the process of spermiogenesis ___ become ___
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spermatids; spermatozoa
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the erectile tissue of the penis that passes along the ventral side of the penis and encloses the penile urethra is the
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corpus spongiosum
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High levels of testosterone will inhibit the
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hypothalamus
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what hormone directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
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testosterone
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a normal sperm count is
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50-120 million sperm/ml semen
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a sperm count lower than ___ is usually associated with infertility
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20-25 million sperm/ml semen
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sterility refers to the
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inability to fertilize an egg
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semen does not contain
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spermatogonia
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dilation of ___ cause the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis becomes erect.
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deep artery
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