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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is reproduction?
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creation of new individual from existing one
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What is asexual reproduction?
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creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg
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What is budding?
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- means of asexual reproduction whereby a new individual develops from an outgrowth of a parent
- new individual eventually splits off and lives independently |
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What is fission?
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means of sexual reproduction whereby a parent separates into 2 or more genetically identical individual of about equal size
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What is fragmentation?
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means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals
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What is regeneration?
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regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism
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relatively unchanging environment, favor asexual reproduction because well-suited individual can rapidly multiply and use available resources
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What kind of environments would likely be advantageous to asexually reproducing organisms? Why?
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What is sexual reproduction?
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creation of genetically unique offspring by the fusion of 2 haploid sex cells (gametes), forming a diploid zygote
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What is fertilization?
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union of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote
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What is a gamete?
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- sex cell
- haploid egg or sperm - union of 2 gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote |
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What is a zygote?
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diploid fertilized egg, which results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus
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What is a sperm?
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male gamete
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What is an egg?
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female gamete
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What is hermaphroditism?
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condition in which an individual has both male and female gonads and function as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and egg
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What is external fertilization?
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fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment
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What is internal fertilization?
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reproduction in which sperm are typically deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract
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What is copulation?
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sexual intercourse, usually necessary for internal fertilization to occur
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what are gonads?
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- sex organ in an animal
- ovary or testis |
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What are ovaries?
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- female gonad, which produces egg cells and reproductive hormones
- in plants, basal portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |
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What are follicles?
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- cluster of cells that surround, protect, and nourish a developing egg cell in the ovary
- secrete the hormone estrogen |
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What is ovulation?
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release of an egg cell from an ovarian follicle
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What is the corpus luteum?
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small body of endocrine tissue that develops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy
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What is an oviduct?
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- tube that conveys egg cells away from an ovary
- aka fallopian tube - normal site of fertilization |
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What is the uterus?
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- in the reproductive system of a mammalarian female
- the womb - organ where the development of young occurs |
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What is the endometrium?
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inner lining of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta and nourish the developing embryo
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What is an embryo?
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- developing stage of multicellular organism
- in humans, stage in the development of offspring from the 1st zygote until body structures begin to appear - 9th week of gestation |
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What is a fetus?
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- developing human from the 9th week of gestation until birth
- has all the magic structures of an adult |
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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implantation and development of an embryo outside the uterus
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What is the cervix?
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neck of the uterus, which opens into the virgin
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What is the vagina?
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- part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening
- birth canal in openings - accomodates penis and receives sperm during copulation |
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What is the vulva?
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collective term for the external female genitalia
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What is labia minora?
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pair of inner folds of skin, bordering and protecting the female genital region
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What is the labia majora?
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pair of outer thickened folds of skin that protect the female genital region
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What is the clitoris?
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organ in the female that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal
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What are glans?
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rounded, highly sensitive head of the clitoris in female and penis in male
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What is prepuce?
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fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris or penis
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- oviducts
- uterus |
Where does fertilization occur? In which organ does the fetus develop?
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What are the testes?
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- male gonad in an animal
- produces sperm, and in many species,"", reproductive hormones |
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What is the scrotum?
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pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testis and functions in cooling sperm, keeping them viable
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What is testicle?
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testis and scrotum together
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What is the epididymis?
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long coiled tube in which sperm pass from the testis and are stored until matured and ejaculated
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What is ejaculation?
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expulsion of semen from the penis
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What is the ejaculatory duct?
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- short section of the ejaculatory route in mammals formed by the convergence of the vas defrens and a duct from the seminal vesicle
- transports sperm from the vas defrens to the urethra |
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What are vas defrens?
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- part of the male reproductive system that conveys sperm away from the testis
- sperm duct - in humans, the tubes that conveys sperm between the epididymis and the common duct that leads to the urethra |
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What are seminal vesicles?
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- gland in male that secretes a thick fluid that contain fructose
- provides most of the sperm's energy |
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What is prostate gland?
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gland in human males that secretes a thin fluid that nourishes the sperm
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What are bulbourethral glands?
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1 pair of glands near the base of the penis in the human male that secretes a clear alkaline mucus
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What is semen?
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sperm-containing fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm
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What is an orgasm?
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series of rhythmic, involuntary contractions of the reproductive structures
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What is the penis?
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copulatory structure of male mammals
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testis -> epididymis -> vas defrens -> urethra
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What is the sequence of the sperm's travel?
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What is gametogenesis?
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creation of gametes within the gonads
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What is spermatogenesis?
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formation of sperm cells
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What is seminiferous tubules?
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coiled sperm-producing tube in testes
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What is primary spermatocyte?
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diploid cell in the testis that undergoes meiosis 1.
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What is the secondary spermatocyte?
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haploid cell that results from meiosis 1 in spermatogenesis and becomes a sperm cell after meiosis 2.
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What is oogenesis?
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development of mature egg cells
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What is the primary oocyte?
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diploid cells in prophase 1 of meiosis, that can be hormonally triggered to develop into an egg
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What is a secondary oocyte?
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haploid cell that results from meiosis 1 in oogenesis which will become an egg after meiosis 2
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random alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, specifically meiosis 1
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Which process in the development of sperm and egg is responsible for the genetic variation among gametes
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What is the reproductive cycle?
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recurring sequence of events that produces eggs, makes them available for fertilization, and prepares the female body for pregnancy
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What is an ovarian cycle?
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hormonally synchronized cyclic events in the mammalian ovary, culminating in ovulation
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What is the menstrual cycle?
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hormonally synchronized cyclic buildup and breakdown of the endometrium of some primates including humans
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What is menstruation?
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uterine bleeding resulting from shedding of the endometrium during a menstrual cycle
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- drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone
- change are caused by negative feedback of these hormones on the hypothalmus and pituatary after ovulation. |
Which hormonal change triggers the onset of menstruation?
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What is a sexually transmitted disease?
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contagious disease spread by sexual contact
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What is chlamydia?
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- member of a group of bacteria that lives inside Eukaryotic host cells
- include human pathogens that cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis - common STD |
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What is genital herpes?
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STD caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2
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- bacterial STDs can be cured
- viral STDs can't |
How are bacterial STDs different from viral STDs in terms of their long-term prognosis?
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What is tubal ligation?
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- means of sterilization in which a segment of each of a woman's two oviducts is removed.
- ends of the tubes are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus |
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What is contraception?
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deliberate prevention of pregnancy
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What is vasectomy?
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- surgical removal of a section of the 2 sperm ducts to prevent sperm from reaching the urethra
- means of sterilization in males |
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What is the rhythm method?
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- form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is likely to occur
- aka natural family planning |
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What are spermicides?
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cream, jelly, or foam that works with a barrier device as a method of contraception
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What are oral contraception?
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- contains synthetic estrogen and or progesterone and prevents the release of eggs.
- aka birth control pills |
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What is the morning after pill?
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- birth control pill taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse to prevent fertilization or implantation
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What is an acrosome?
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- membrane enclosed sac at the tip of a sperm
- contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg |
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- protein receptors on the vitelline layer match with specific proteins on the sperm
- ensures that sperm on a different species won't fertilize the egg |
Why is the vitelline layer particularly important among aquatic animals that use external fertilization?
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What is cleavage?
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- cytokinesis in animal cells and in some protists, characterized by pinching in of the plasma membranes
- in animal development, 1st major phase of embryonic development, in which rapid cell division without cell growth transforms the animal zygote into a ball of cells |
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What is blastocoel?
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- in a developing animal, a central fluid filled cavity in a blastula
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What is a blastula?
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- embryonic stage that marks the end of cleavage and animal development
- hollow ball of cells in many species |
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What is gastrulation?
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- 2nd major phase of embryonic development, which transforms the blastula into a gastrula
- adds more cells to the embryo and sorts the cells into distinct cell layers |
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What is gastrula?
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- embryonic stage resulting from animal development
- most animals have made one up of 3 layers of cells - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
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What is ectoderm?
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- outer layer of three embryonic cell layers in gastrula
- forms the skin of the gastrula and gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system in the adult |
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what is the endoderm?
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- innermost of the 3 embryonic cell layers in a gastrula
- forms the archenteron in the gastrula and gives rise to the innermost linings of the digestive tract and other hollow organs in the adult. |
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What is the mesoderm?
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- middle layer of the 3 embryonic cell layers in a gastrula
- gives rise to muscles, bones, the dermis of the skin, and most other organs in the adult |
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What is the notochord?
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- flexible, cartilage-like, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cords in chordate animals
- present only in embryos of many species |
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What is neural tube?
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- embryonic cylinder that develops from the ectoderm after gastrulation and gives rise tot he brain and spinal cord
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What is coelom?
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body cavity completely lined with mesoderm
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- neural tube, which becomes the brain and spinal cord
- develops from a dorsal ectodermal plate that folds to form an interior tube |
What is the embryonic basis for the dorsal, hollow nerve, cord that is common to all members of our phyllum?
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What is induction?
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during embryonic development, the influence of one group of cells on an adjacent group of cells
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What is apoptosis?
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- timely and tidy suicide of cells
- programmed cell death |
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What is programmed cell death?
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- timely and tidy suicide of certain cells
- triggered by certain genes - essential process in normal development |
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What is pattern formation?
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during embryonic development, emergence of a body form with specialized organs and tissues in the right place
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mediate between the chemical signal received by the cell and the resulting change in gene expression and other responses by the cell.
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What is the purpose of signal transduction pathways involved in induction?
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What is homeotic genes?
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master control gene that determines the identity of a body structure of a developing organism, presumably by controlling the developmental fate of a group of cells
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What are homeoboxes?
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180 nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene and some other developmental genes
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What is gestation?
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- pregnancy
- state of carrying young with the female reproductive tract |
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What is conception?
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fertilization of the egg by a sperm cell in humans
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What is blastocyst?
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mammalian embryo made up of a hollow ball of cells that results from cleavage and that implants in the mother's endometrium
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What is trophoblast?
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- in mammalian development over portion of a blastocyst
- cells of this __________ secrete enzymes that enable the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium of the mother's uterus |
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What is the placenta?
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- in most mammals, the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic waste
- formed of the embryo's chorion and the mother's endometrial blood vessels |
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What is the extraembryonic membranes?
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- consist of 4 membranes; yolk sac amnion, chorion, and allantois
- form of life support system for the developing embryo of reptile, bird, or mammal |
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What is the amnion?
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in vertebrae animals, extraembryonic membrane that encloses the fluid-filled amniotic sac containing the embryo
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What is the yolk sac?
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- extra embryonic membrane that develops from the endoderm
- produces the embryo's 1st blood cells and germ cells and gives rise to allantois |
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What is allantois?
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- extraembryonic membrane that develops from the yolk sac
- helps dispose of the embryo's nitragenous wastes and forms part of the umbillical cord in mammals. |
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What is chorion?
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in animals, outermost extraembryonic membrane, which becomes the mammalian embryo's part of the placenta
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What is the humanchorion gonadotropin?
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- hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the production of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first few months of pregnancy
- secreted in the urine which is the basis for many home pregnancy tests |
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What is chorionic villi?
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- outgrowths of the chorion, containing embryonic blood vessels
- part of the placenta, so it absorbs nutrients and oxygen from, and pass waste into, the mother's bloodstream |
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What is trimester?
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- in human developments, one of three 3 month long periods of pregnancy
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What is labor?
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series of events that expel the infant from the uterus
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What is positive feedback?
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- type of control in which a change triggers mechanisms that amplify that change
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What is infertility?
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inability to conceive after 1 year of regular unprotected sex
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What is impotence?
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- inability to maintain an erection
- aka erectile dysfunction |
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What is assisted reproductive technologies?
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procedure that involves surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, fertilizing them, and then returning to the woman's body
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What is in vintro fertilization?
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uniting sperm and egg in a laboratory container, followed by the placement of resulting early embryo in the mother's uterus.
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