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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A cell that releases interferon is _____.
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signaling other cells that it has been infected by a virus
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The first line of defense against infection is _____.
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the skin and mucous membranes
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The body's innate defenses against infection include
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barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus
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Which of the following statements regarding innate immunity is correct?
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External barriers such as the skin barrier, exoskeleton, and mucus membranes contribute to innate immunity.
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Which of the following wander through the interstitial fluid eating any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?
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macrophages
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The major result of the inflammatory response is to
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remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.
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Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?
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dilation of the capillaries
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Which of the following can initiate an inflammatory response?
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physical injury such as a cut
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Which of the following helps activate our nonspecific (innate) defense system?
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inflammation
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The human lymphatic system consists of all of the following structures except the
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pancreas
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The two main functions of the lymphatic system are
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returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.
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A substance that can elicit an immune response is called
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an antigen
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Antibodies are
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proteins
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The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________ immunity.
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passive
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Passive immunity depends upon
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antibodies made by another organism.
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One kind of vaccine consists of
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a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.
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Which of the following cell types is responsible for humoral immunity?
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B Cells
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Which of the following statements about humoral immunity is true?
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Humoral immunity can be passively transferred by injecting plasma from an immune individual into a nonimmune individual.
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The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because
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the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
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T and B cells are types of _____.
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lymphocytes
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The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____.
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antigenic determinant
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Which of the following statements regarding antigens and antibodies is false?
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Each antibody has only one antigen-binding site.
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Which of the following distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?
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The secondary response produces higher levels of antibodies.
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The secondary immune response occurs when memory cells bind to
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antigens
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How do memory cells differ from effector cells?
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memory cells live longer
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Which of the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response?
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memory cells
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During a secondary immune response, _____.
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the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response
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How does antigen-antibody binding result in destruction of the antigen?
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Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms.
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What type of cell acts as an intermediary between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?
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helper T cells
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The biggest difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity is _____.
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how they respond to and dispose of invaders
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Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct?
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Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal.
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Helper T cells are part of _____.
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cell-mediated immune response
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After binding to an infected cell, the cytotoxic T cell
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releases a protein called perforin.
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________ can destroy infected cells.
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Cytotoxic T cells
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The role of cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____.
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body cells that have been infected
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Which of the following types of cells kill infected body cells?
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cytotoxic T cells
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How does HIV destroy helper T cells?
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It initiates apoptosis in infected helper T cells.
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Which of the following cell types does HIV preferentially infect?
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helper T cells
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Which of the following statements about HIV is false?
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HIV attacks mast cells.
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HIV is a virus that is particularly difficult to eradicate
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because it mutates to produce new drug-resistant strains.
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Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV?
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bc HIV has a high mutation rate
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HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to develop resistance to antivirals because
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frequent mutations provide greater opportunity for survival of selective pressures.
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Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible.
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MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
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What type of immune response is always disadvantageous to a person?
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autoimmune
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Which of the following diseases is thought to be an autoimmune disease?
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insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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_____ is an example of an immunodeficiency disease.
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AIDS
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Anaphylactic shock is an example of an
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allergic response
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Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?
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macrophage
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_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.
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helper T cells
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B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.
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plasma cells
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The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.
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perforin ... cell-mediated
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Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.
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B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells
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Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?
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memory cells
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Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?
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plasma cells
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The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.
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single stranded RNA
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What is the source of a viral envelope?
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host cell membrane
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Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.
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provirus
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Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
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T cells
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