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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 Mechanisms of social interaction 1. SELECTION |
- personality characteristics of others influence whether we select them as dates, friends, or marriage partners - our PC play a role in the kinds of situations we select to enter and stay in -by selecting a mate you are selecting the social acts you will experience and a network of friends and family |
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Personality Characteristics Desire in a Marriage Partner |
- mutual attraction/LOVE was the most favoured characteristic - after attraction/love, personality characteristics were large in people;s mate selection preferences - dependable character, emotional stability (neuroticism) and pleasing disposition (agreeableness) |
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1. Complementary needs theory |
- that people are attracted to those who have different personality dispositions than they have EG. dominant people search for submissive people - opposites attract |
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2. Attraction Similarity THEORY** |
- people are attracted to those who have similar personality characteristics EG. dominant people also attracted to dominant people - birds of a feather flock together - LOADS OF RESEARCH supporting this theory. none for the complementary theory - only characteristic in which opposites attract is biological sex |
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3. Assortive Mating |
- people are married to people who are similar to themselves - most common finding in MATE selection literature -LOTS of research to support this-- but the positive correlation could potentially be from proximity- those who live within driving distance tend to have common characteristics |
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Do people get the mates they want? Are they happy? |
- Modest, but consistently positive correlations between personality desired in partner and the actual personality characteristics displayed by the partner - ppl are especially happy with their relationship if they are married to ppl who are HIGH in agreeableness, emotional stability, and intellect openness |
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are ppl happy cont' d |
-having a partner who is agreeable is especially strong predictor of being happy with one's marriage for both men and women - HIGH Conscientiousness- husbands are significantly more sexually satisfied, and wives see their spouses as sources of stimulating conversation |
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Personality and the selective Breakup of Couples |
- Breakups should occur more when one's desires are violated than when they are fulfilled |
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Violation of Desire Theory |
- predict that people married to others who lack desired characteristics, such as dependability and emotional stability will more frequently dissolve the marriage |
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Emotional Instability** |
- most consistent personality predictor of marital instability and divorce 1. emotionally unstable individuals display high levels of jealousy- worry more about partners infidelity 2. low impulse control or low Conscientiousness- emerges as good predictor of marital dissolution 3. low agreeableness- predicts marital dissatisfaction and divorce |
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LOW agreeableness and LOW Conscientiousness |
( high impulsivity)- link with higher rates of sexual infidelity in romantic relationships - Extraversions and dominance linked with higher levels of sexual promiscuity but these personality traits are not related to marital satisfaction or breakups |
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Two other influences of personality in relationships sat or dissatisfaction |
1. similarity in overall personality rather than similarity in individual personality traits 2. closeness of match between an individuals conception of an ideal mate and their partners actual personality |
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SHYNESS and the selection of Risky Situations |
Shyness- tendency to feel tense, worried, or anxious during social interactions or even when anticipating a social interaction - common- 90% of the population experience it at some point Disposition ally shy- tend to feel awkward in social situations and so tend to avoid the situations |
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Shy women and Gambling |
- shy women less likely to gamble0 they chose smaller bets that were linked with higher likelihood of winning, non shy women- chose the riskier bets with lower likelihood of winning but with a larger pay off if they did win - shy participants showed a larger increase in heart rate- SUGGESTING that fear might have led them to avoid the gamble |
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Other personality traits |
More empathic: morel likely to enter situations such as volunteering. High on psychoticism: choose volatile and spontaneous situations more than formal or stable ones High Machiavellianism- prefer face to face situations, social manipulative skills to exploit people High Extraversion: tend to select more friends High agreeableness: tend to be selected more often by other friends High sensation seekers: more likely yo volunteer for unusual experiments- sex, drugs, enter risk situations |
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2. EVOCATION |
- personality characteristics of others evoke responses in us - own personality characteristics evoke responses in others - the way we elicit reactions from others- you interpret the intentions behind other's behaviours depending on your personality |
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Aggression and the Evocation of Hostility |
- aggressive people evoke hostility from others - people who are aggressive expect that others will be hostile towards them |
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Hostile Attributional Bias |
the tendency to finger hostile intent on the part of others in the face of ambiguous behaviour from them - eg. being bumped into and interpreting it as intentionally hostile |
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evocation of Anger and Upset in Partners 2 ways in which personality can play a role in evoking conflict in close relationships 1 Directly Evoke |
1. person can perform actions that cause an emotional response in a partner. Evoke emotions in the others through their own actions EG. dominant person might act in condescending manner, evoking upsetness in over |
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2. Indirectly Elicit |
2. person elicits actions from another that in turn ups the original elicitor EG. aggressive man might elicit silent treatment from wife, which in turn upset him because she won't speak to him - personality characteristics can upset others by eliciting actions from the other that are upsetting |
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Husbands and wives- stronges predictor of evoked anger and upset LOW A and EI |
-Both H and W were assessed via self report, spouse report and independent report - strongest predictor of evoked anger and upset were personality characteristics of DISAGREEABLENESS and EMOTIONAL INSTABILITY - husbands high on dominance upsetter partners by being condescending, treat wife opinion as stupid |
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1. Husbands low on conscientiousness 2. H low on openness 3. disagreeable husbands 4. Emotionally unstable Evoked anger in their wives BY... |
1. made wives upset by having extramarital affairs 2. evoked upset by rejecting, acting abusive, physically self absorbed, sexually withholding, abusing alcohol 3 condescending, treating them inferior, neglecting, rejecting, failure to spend enough time with them 4. being moody, jealous, possessive |
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Evocation of Likability, pleasure and pain |
- being liked by others is linked with higher levels adjustment, mental health and academic performance -traits that evoke likability in others: Agreeableness, sociable component of extraversion, Honesty- humility factor |
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Expectancy Confirmation (Self Fulfilling prophecy) |
phenomenon whereby people's beliefs about the personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others actions that are consistent with the initial beliefs |
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Expectancy confirmation (Snyder and Swann) |
- people told they would be dealing with hostile and aggressive individual then introduced to 2 ppl - ppl's beliefs led them to act in aggressive manner toward unsuspecting target - the unsuspecting target acted in a mores hostile manner when that behaviour was evoked by the person who has led to expect the hostility |
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3. MANIPULATION |
personality is linked to ways in which we try to influence or manipulate or change the behaviours of others - manipulation or social influence includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change or exploit others - doesn't have to be negative, can be the means by which we influence the psychology and behaviour of other ppl |
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The 11 Manipulation Tactics |
1. Charm 2. Coercion 3. silent treatment 4. reason 5. regression 6. self abasement 7. responsibility invocation 8. hardball 9. pleasure induction 10. social comparison 11. monetary reward |
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Sex Differences in Tactics of Manipulation |
- NONE, men and women perform all of the tactics of social influence EXCEPTION: regression tactic. Women use regression more than men- women whine, pout and sulk to get their way. - overall very little gender differences |
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Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation 1. High Extraversion (Surgency) 2. Low E (Surgency) 3. High Agreeableness 4. Low A 5. High conscientiousness 6. High Neuroticism 7. High Intellect openness 8. Low intellect |
1. Coercion, responsibility invocation 2. Self abasement, hardball 3. pleasure induction, reason 4. coercion, silent treatment 5. Reasoning 6. use hardball, coercion, reason, monetary, but most common is REGRESSION 7. REASON most common (pleasure induction, responsibility) 8. Social comparison |
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9. high dominance 10. low dominance |
9. coercion, responsibility, 10. self abasement tactics |
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Dark triad of Personality traits (Narcissism, psychiatry, machiavellianism) |
- use coercion to manipulate others and also hardball, reciprocity, social comparison, monetary reward and even charm HIGH dark triad scorers prone to using hardball tactics |
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Gossip and Manipulation |
Positive, negative or even neutral information exchanged about an absent third party - it's very adaptive, we're the only species who can do this it's essential to our survival |
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Machiavellian Personality High vs. Low Mach |
- Associated with a manipulative strategy of social interaction and with a personality style that uses others as tools for personal gain HIGH MACH- manipulative, cynical worldview, treats others a stools to be used for gain, does not trust others and lacks empathy LOW Mach- trusting, empathic, believes things are clearly right or wrong, views human nature as basically good |
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High Mach |
- represents exploitative social strategy, one that betrays others, uses ppl opportunistically, - strategy works best in social situations where there is room for innovation rather than highly constrained rules -High macs do better in loosely structured organizations |
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Low Machs |
-strategy of cooperation, sometimes called tit for tat, based on reciprocity - long term social strategy in contrast to short term strategy of high macs - in more tightly structured organizations- low maths do better |
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Narcissism and Social Interaction |
- Self absorption, conceitedness, placing one's own wants and needs above those of others - high on narcissism tend to be exhibitionistic, grandiose, self centred - they choose ppl who admire them, reflect extraordinarily positive view - select social situations in which they perceive that their opportunity for glory will be enhanced and avoid situations where they won't be noticed |
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Interpersonal Interaction Gottman's 4 Horsemen |
1. Criticism- attacking partners personality or characteristic, usually with the intent of making someone wrong and someone right 2. Contempt- attack partner's sense of self with the intention to insult or psychologically abuse them 3. Defensiveness- seeing self as the victim, warding off perceived attack 4. Withdrawal/ Stone walling- withdraw from relationship as a way to avoid conflict*** biggest predictor in males of divorce |