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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Psychology
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Scientific study if how we feel about, think about, and behave toward other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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Social situation
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People with whom we are interacting
-cognitions, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by this |
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Social cognition
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Part of human thinking that helps us understand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others
-Our judgements about other people guide our behaviors towards them |
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Attitudes
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Our enduring evaluations of people or things
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Social norms
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Accepted beliefs about what we do or what we should do in particular situations.
-Norm of binge drinking on college campuses) |
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Stereotyping
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Tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships.
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Prejudice
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Tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group membership.
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Discrimination
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Negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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A situation that occurs when our expectations about personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make out beliefs come true.
-(i.e.) If I have a stereotype that attractive people are friendly, then I may act in a friendly way toward people who are considered "attractive". |
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Social Identity
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Positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships.
-Gain social identity through college teams, religious and racial groups, and many more. |
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Close relationships
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Long-term intimate and romantic relationships (for instance a marriage)
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Mere exposure
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Tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently.
-Moreland and Beach (1992) studied mere exposure by having female confederates attend a large lecture class of over 100 students 0, 5, 10, or 15 times during a semester. At the end of the term the other students in the class were shown pictures of the confederates and asked to see if they recognized them and how much they liked them. The number of times they attended class did not influence the other students' ability to recognize them, but did influence their liking for them. Attended more = liked more |
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Casual attribution
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Process of trying to determine the causes of peoples behaviors, goal to learning about individuals personalities.
-We observe people who we are interested in and note how they behave in certain social situations. |
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Person attribution
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We draw conclusions based on a person's behavior
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Situational attribution
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If the behavior was based off of the situation
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Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)
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Common tendency to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of social situations in judging others.
-Attribute behaviors towards personalities. -Can't be quick to judge people |
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Attitude
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Our relatively enduring evaluations of people and things.
-Attitudes are learned through direct and indirect experiences |
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Self monitoring
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Tendency to regulate behavior and meet demands of social situations.
-Act this way when I'm with these people |
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Self-Perception
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Using our behavior to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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Method of persuasion in which the person is first persuaded to accept a rather minor request then ask for a larger one after that.
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Cognitive dissonance
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Discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate and leads our behaviors to change our attitudes.
-Initiation into a fraternity. Our attitudes change the harder the hazing process was. |
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Altruism
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Any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them.
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Reciprocal Altruism
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Principle that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future.
-Increases our chances to survive and reproduce |
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Social responsibility norm
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We should help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Assumption that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves.
-People are more likely to help when they are the only ones in the situation rather than around others. |
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Aggression
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Behavior intended to harm another individual.
-May occur in the heat of the moment (i.e. jealous lover strikes out in rage) -People who watch more violent behavior, become more aggressive |
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Catharsis
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Idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way.
-Way of decreasing violence -Does not work, increases the likelihood of later violence to occur. |
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Desensitization
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Tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli.
-When it comes to violence, over time we become habituated to it due to frequent exposure. |
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Culture of honor
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Social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression.
-Stronger among me who live in the south and west (rather than north and east) -Cohen et. al. 1996 study of responses to insults |
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Conformity
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A change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us.
-Informational: People have accurate info and we want to have knowledge -Normative: Want to be liked by others -The outcome of conformity is that our beliefs and behaviors become more similar to those around us |
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Number in majority
(Variables that increases conformity) |
Number of people who are engaging in a behavior increases, the tendency to conform to those people increases.
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Unanimity
(Variables that increases conformity) |
Conformity reduces sharply when any one person deviates from the norm.
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Status and authority
(Variables that increases conformity) |
People who have higher status, such as those in authority, creates more conformity.
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Obedience
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Conformity toward those with authority
(Milgram study) |
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Minority influence
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Conformity in which a similar number of individuals are able to influence opinions or behaviors of a larger group.
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Psychological reactance
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Strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist conformity
-Reactance is aroused when our ability to chose which behaviors to engage in is eliminated or threatened with elimination. -Outcome is that people don't conform at all |
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Social Facilitation
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Tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others.
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Social inhibition
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Tendency to perform tasks more poorly or more slowly in the presence of others.
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Drive-arousal model of social facilitation
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Social facilitation and inhibition are caused by arousal
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Social loafing
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A group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a grow as they do when working alone.
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Groupthink
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An outcome that occurs when a group as a result of a flawed group and strong conformity pressures, make a very poor decision.
-Occurs in groups whose members feel a strong group identity |
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Illusion of group productivity
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Tendency to overvalue the productivity of a group in comparison to individual performance.
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